Publications

2024

  1. W. Zhang, J. Wang, C. Sun, Q. Kong, Z. Wu, X. Gong, and X. Fong, “A Compact Model for BEOL-Compatible Ferroelectric Thin Film Transistors With Metal/Ferroelectric/Semiconductor Structure,” to appear in the IEEE Journal of the Electron Device Society vol. XX, iss. XX, pp. XX-XX, 2024, doi:10.1109/JEDS.2024.3481065 [PDF]
  2. A. Kumar, D. Das, D. J. X. Lin, L. Huang, S. L. K. Yap, H. K. Tan, R. J. J. Lim, H. R. Tan, Y. T. Toh, S. T. Lim, X. Fong, and P. Ho, “Bimodal alteration of cognitive accuracy for spintronic artificial neural networks,” Nanoscale Horizons vol. 9, iss. 8, pp. 1522-1531, Jul. 2024, doi:10.1039/D4NH00097H [PDF]
  3. Y. Wang, and X. Fong, “Energy-efficient Ising machines using capacitance-coupled latches for MaxCut solving,” in Proceedings of 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 19-22 May 2024, ID 1227, Singapore, doi:10.1109/ISCAS58744.2024.10558647 [PDF] (Poster)
  4. Y. Wang, Y. Cen, and X. Fong, “Design framework for Ising machines with bistable latch-based spins and all-to-all resistive coupling,” in Proceedings of 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 19-22 May 2024, ID 1226, Singapore, doi:10.1109/ISCAS58744.2024.10558300 [PDF]
  5. J. Wang, W. Zhang, Z. Wu, Y. Wang, L. Jiao, X. Wang, X. Gong, and X. Fong, “Transposable memory based on the ferroelectric field-effect transistor,” in Proceedings of 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 19-22 May 2024, ID 1977, Singapore, doi:10.1109/ISCAS58744.2024.10558599 [PDF]
  6. W. Zhang, J. Wang, C. Sun, Z. Wu, X. Gong, and X. Fong, “Modeling of ferroelectric thin film transistors with amorphous oxide semiconductor channel,” in Proceedings of 2024 8th IEEE Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing (EDTM) Conference, 3-6 Mar. 2024, pp. 1-3, Bangalore, India, doi:10.1109/EDTM58488.2024.10511948 [PDF]
  7. J. Si, S. Yang, Y. Cen, J. Chen, Y. Huang, Z. Yao, D.-J. Kim, K. Cai, J. Yoo, X. Fong, and H. Yang, “Energy-efficient superparamagnetic Ising machine and its application to traveling salesman problems,” Nature Communications vol. 15, art. 3457, Apr. 2024, doi:10.1038/s41467-024-47818-z [PDF]
  8. A. Kumar, D. J. X. Lin, D. Das, L. Huang, S. L. K. Yap, H. R. Tan, H. K. Tan, R. J. J. Lim, Y. T. Toh, S. Chen, S. T. Lim, X. Fong, and P. Ho, “Multistate compound magnetic tunnel junction synapses for digital recognition,” ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 10335-10343, Feb. 2024, doi:10.1021/acsami.3c17195 [PDF]
  9. A. H. Lone, X. Zou, D. Das, X. Fong, G. Setti, and H. Fariborzi, “Anomalous hall and skyrmion topological Hall resistivity in magnetic heterostructures for the neuromorphic computing applications,” npj Spintronics vol. 2, art. 3, Mar. 2024, doi:10.1038/s44306-023-00006-z [PDF]

2023

  1. Y. Wang, and X. Fong, “Benchmarking DNN Mapping Methods for the In-memory Computing Accelerators,” Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1040-1051, Dec. 2023, doi:10.1109/JETCAS.2023.3328864 [PDF]
  2. T. N. N. Nguyen, B. Veeravalli, and X. Fong, “A Semi-Supervised Learning Method for Spiking Neural Networks Based on Pseudo-Labeling,” 2023 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), 18 Jun. 2023 – 23 Jun. 2023, pp. 1-7, doi:10.1109/IJCNN54540.2023.10191317. [PDF]
  3. D. Das, Y. Cen, J. Wang, and X. Fong, “Bilayer-Skyrmion based design of Neuron and Synapse for Spiking Neural Network,” Physical Review Applied vol. 19, iss. 2, art. 024063, 23 Feb. 2023, doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.19.024063 [PDF]
  4. Y.-C. Chien, H. Xiang, J. Wang, Y. Shi, X. Fong, and K.-W. Ang, “Attack Resilient True Random Number Generators Using Ferroelectric-Enhanced Stochasticity in 2D Transistor,” Small 2023, 19, art. 23002842, May 2023, doi:10.1002/smll.202302842 [PDF]
  5. R. Mishra, Q. Yang, Y. Cen, G. Shi, R. Sharma, X. Fong, and H. Yang, “Spintronic integrate-fire-reset neuron with stochasticity for neuromorphic computing,” INTERMAG 2023, NOB-01, May 2023 [PDF]
  6. Y. Cao, H. Liang, H.-L. Lin, L. Qi, P. Yang, X. Fong, E. Dogheche, A. Bettiol, and A. Danner, “Engineering Refractive Index Contrast in Thin Film Barium Titanate-on-Insulator,” Nano Letters vol. 23, no. 16, pp. 7267-7272, Aug. 2023, doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00933 [PDF]
  7. B. Chen, M. Zeng, K. H. Khoo, D. Das, X. Fong, S. Fukami, S. Li, W. Zhao, S. S. P. Parkin, S. N. Piramanayagam, and S. T. Lim, “Spintronic Devices for High-density Memory and Neuromorphic Computing – A Review,” Materials Today vol. 70, pp. 193-217, Nov. 2023, doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2023.10.004 [PDF]

2022

  1. D. Das, Y. Cen, J. Wang, and X. Fong, “Design of Spintronics-Based Neuronal and Synaptic Devices for Spiking Neural Network Circuits,” in Proceedings of 6th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Electronics (ICEE), 11 Dec. 2022 – 14 Dec. 2022, pp. 1-6, doi:10.1109/ICEE56203.2022.10117644 [PDF] (Invited Paper)
  2. D. Das, and X. Fong, “Self-reset schemes for Magnetic domain wall-based neuron,” IEEE Journal on Exploratory Solid-State Computational Devices and Circuits vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 166-172, Dec. 2022, doi:10.1109/JXCDC.2022.3227774 [PDF]
  3. D. R. B. Ly, and X. Fong, “Memtransistor-based ternary content-addressable memories: Design and Evaluation,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices vol. 69, iss. 12, pp. 6745-6750, Dec. 2022 doi:10.1109/TED.2022.3217996 [PDF]
  4. T. N. N. Nguyen, B. Veeravalli, and X. Fong, “Hardware Implementation for Spiking Neural Networks on Edge Devices,” in Predictive Analytics in Cloud, Fog, and Edge Computing, pp. 227-248, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-18034-7_13 [PDF] (Book Chapter)
  5. Y. Cen, D. Das, and X. Fong, “A tree search algorithm towards solving Ising formulated combinatorial optimization problems,” Scientific Reports 12, 14755, Aug. 2022 doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19102-x [PDF]
  6. P. Zhang, X. Feng, and X. Fong, “Impact of trap profile on the characteristics of 2D MoS2 memtransistors: a simulation study,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices vol. 69, iss. 8, pg. 4750-4756, Jul. 2022, doi:10.1109/TED.2022.3186867 [PDF]
  7. T. N. N. Nguyen, B. Veeravalli, and X. Fong, “An FPGA-Based Co-Processor for Spiking Neural Networks with On-Chip STDP-Based Learning,” in IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems 2022 (ISCAS 2022), 27 May – 01 Jun. 2022, pp. 2157-2161, doi:10.1109/ISCAS48785.2022.9937891 [PDF]
  8. Q. Yang, R. Mishra, Y. Cen, G. Shi, R. Sharma, X. Fong, and H. Yang, “Spintronic Integrate-Fire-Reset Neuron with Stochasticity for Neuromorphic Computing,” Nano Letters vol. 22, no. 21, pp. 8437-8444, Nov. 2022, doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02409 [PDF]
  9. Y.-C. Chien, H. Xiang, J. Wang, Y. Shi, X. Fong, and K.-W. Ang, “Machine Learning Attack Resilient MoS2 Fe-FET True Random Number Generator for Hardware Security in IoT: 0.7 pJ/bit Writing Energy, Self-Correction Function, and 1250 bit/s Seed Throughput,” in Proceedings of 2022 International Conference on Solid-State Devices and Materials (SSDM), 26 Sep. 2022 – 29 Sep. 2022, pp. F-09-03 [PDF]
  10. S. Li, S. Jain, M.-E. Pam, L. Chen, Y.-C. Chien, X. Fong, D. Chi, and K.-W. Ang, “Neural Network Hardware Accelerator using Memristive Crossbar Array based on Wafer-Scale 2D HfSe2,” in Proceedings of 2022 International Conference on Solid-State Devices and Materials (SSDM), 26 Sep. 2022 – 29 Sep. 2022, pp. F-10-02 [PDF]

2021

  1. D. Das, and X. Fong, “A Fokker-Planck Approach for Modeling the Stochastic Phenomena in Magnetic and Resistive Random Access Memory Devices,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices vol. 68, iss. 12, pp. 6124-6131, Dec. 2021, doi:10.1109/TED.2021.3123067 [PDF]
  2. T. N. N. Nguyen, B. Veeravalli, and X. Fong, “Connection Pruning for Deep Spiking Neural Networks with On-Chip Learning,” in International Conference on Neuromorphic Systems 2021 (ICONS 2021), Jul. 27-29, 2021, Knoxville, TN, USA. ACM, New York, NY, USA 8 Pages. doi:10.1145/3477145.3477157 [PDF]
  3. T. N. N. Nguyen, B. Veeravalli, and X. Fong, “Instruction Set for a Neuromorphic Co-Processor with On-Chip Learning,” in International Conference on Neuromorphic Systems 2021 (ICONS 2021), Jul. 2021 (Poster)
  4. K. Cho, X. Fong, and S. K. Gupta, “Exchange‐Coupling‐Enabled Electrical‐Isolation of Compute and Programming Paths in Valley‐Spin Hall Effect based Spintronic Device for Neuromorphic Applications,” in Device Research Conference 2021, Jun. 2021, doi:10.1109/DRC52342.2021.9467139 [PDF]
  5. S. Li, B. Li, X. Feng, L. Chen, Y. Li, L. Huang, X. Fong, and K.-W. Ang, “Electron-beam-irradiated rhenium disulfide memristors with low variability for neuromorphic computing,” npj 2D Materials and Applications vol. 5, art. 1, Jan. 2021, doi:10.1038/s41699-020-00190-0 [PDF]
  6. S. Li, M.-E. Pam, Y. Li, L. Chen, Y.-C. Chien, X. Fong, D. Chi, and K.-W. Ang, “Wafer-scale two-dimensional hafnium diselenide based memristor crossbar array for energy-efficient neural network hardware,” Advanced Materials, 2021, art. 2103376, Sep. 2021, doi:10.1002/adma.202103376 [PDF]
  7. X. Feng, S. Li, S. L. Wong, S. Tong, L. Chen, P. Zhang, L. Wang, X. Fong, D. Chi, and K.-W. Ang, “Self-Selective Multi-Terminal Memtransistor Crossbar Array for In-Memory Computing,” ACS Nano vol. 15, iss. 1, pp. 1764-1774, Jan. 2021, doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c09441 [PDF]

2020

  1. P. Zhang, L. Wang, K.-W. Ang, and X. Fong, “Transition from trap-mediated to band-like transport in polycrystalline monolayer molybdenum disulfide memtransistors,” Applied Physics Letters vol. 117, iss. 22, art. 223101, Nov. 2020, doi:10.1063/5.0031799 [PDF]
  2. V. P. K. Miriyala, R. K. Vishwanath, and X. Fong, “SIMBA: A Skyrmionic In-Memory Binary Neural Network Accelerator,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics vol. 56, iss. 11, art. 1500212, Nov. 2020, doi:10.1109/TMAG.2020.3024172 [PDF]
  3. P. Zhang, S. Samanta, and X. Fong, “Physical Insights Into the Mobility Enhancement in Amorphous InGaZnO Thin-Film Transistor by SiO2 Passivation Layer,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices vol. 67, iss. 6, pp. 2352-2358, June 2020, doi:10.1109/TED.2020.2989105 [PDF]
  4. A. T. Do, X. Fong, and F. Li, “Aggressive Leakage Current Reduction for Embedded MRAM Using Block-Level Power Gating,” 46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Inndustrial Electronics Society (IECON 2020), pp. 2249-2254, Nov. 2020, doi:10.1109/IECON43393.2020.9254774 [PDF]
  5. S. Li, B. Li, X. Feng, L. Chen, Y. Li, L. Huang, X. Gong, X. Fong, and K.-W. Ang, “Gradual Resistive Switching in Electron Beam Irradiated ReS2 Transistor and its Application as Electronic Synapse,” 2020 International Symposium on VLSI Technology, Systems and Applications (VLSI-TSA), August 2020, doi:10.1109/VLSI-TSA48913.2020.9203618 [PDF]
  6. J. Deng, V. P. K. Miriyala, Z. Zhu, X. Fong, and G.-C. Liang, “Voltage-Controlled Spintronic Stochastic Neuron for Restricted Boltzmann Machine With Weight Sparsity,” IEEE Electron Device Letters vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 1102-1105, July 2020, doi:10.1109/LED.2020.2995874 [PDF]
  7. Z. Zhu, K. Cai, J. Deng, V. P. K. Miriyala, H. Yang, X. Fong, and G.-C. Liang, “Electrical generation and detection of terahertz signal based on spin-wave emission from ferrimagnets,” Physical Review Applied vol. 13, art. 034040, Mar. 2020, doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.13.034040 [PDF]
  8. S. Samanta, U. Chand, S. Xu, K. Han, Y. Wu, C. Wang, A. Kumar, H. Velluri, Y. Li, X. Fong, A. V.-Y. Thean, X. Gong, “Low Subthreshold Swing and High Mobility Amorphous-Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide Thin-Film Transistor with Thin HfO2 Gate Dielectric and Excellent Uniformity,” IEEE Electron Device Letters vol. 41, iss. 6, pp. 856-859, June 2020, doi:10.1109/LED.2020.2985787 [PDF]

2019

  1. S. Samanta, P. Zhang, K. Han, X. Gong, S. Chakraborty, Y. Li, and X. Fong, “Impact of Ti Interfacial Layer on Resistive Switching Characteristics at sub-µA Current Level in SiOx-Based Flexible Cross-Point RRAM,” in IEEE International Conference on Flexible and Printable Sensors and Systems (FLEPS), Jul. 2019, pp. 1-3, doi:10.1109/FLEPS.2019.8792259 [PDF]
  2. S. Samanta, X. Gong, P. Zhang, K. Han, and X. Fong, “Bipolar resistive switching and synaptic characteristic modulation at sub-µA current level using novel Ni/SiOx/W cross-point structure,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 805, pp. 915-923, Oct. 2019, doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.07.050 [PDF]
  3. V. P. K. Miriyala, Z. Zhu, G.-C. Liang, and X. Fong, “Spin-wave mediated interactions for Majority Computation using Skyrmions and Spin-torque Nano-oscillators,” Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials vol. 486, art. 165271, Sep. 2019, doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.165271 [PDF]
  4. Z. Zhu, J. Deng, X. Fong, and G.-C. Liang, “Voltage-input spintronic oscillator based on competing effect for extended oscillation regions,” Journal of Applied Physics vol. 125, iss. 18, art. 183902, May 2019, doi:10.1063/1.5092881 [PDF]
  5. V. P. K. Miriyala, X. Fong, and G.-C. Liang, “Influence of Size and Shape on the Performance of VCMA-Based MTJs,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices vol. 66, iss. 2, pp. 944-949, Feb. 2019, doi:10.1109/TED.2018.2889112 [PDF]

2018

  1. S. Samanta, K. Han, S. Xu, X. Gong, and X. Fong, “Digital and Analog Resistive Switching Characteristics under 200 nA Current Level using Novel Ni/SiOx/W 16×16 Cross-point Architecture,” in Proc. of 49th IEEE Semiconductor Interface Specialists Conference (SISC), Dec. 2018, 5.1, [PDF]
  2. S. Deb, T. Vatwani, A. Chattopadhyay, A. Basu, and X. Fong, “Domain Wall Motion-based Dual-Threshold Activation Unit for Low-Power Classification of Non-Linearly Separable Functions,” IEEE Transactions Biomedical Circuits and Systems vol. 12, iss. 6, pp. 1410-1421, Aug. 2018, doi:10.1109/TBCAS.2018.2867038 [PDF]
  3. S. Deb, A. Chattopadhyay, A. Basu, and X. Fong, “Domain Wall Motion-based XOR-like Activation Unit with A Programmable Threshold,” in Proc. of International Joint Conference on Neural Networks 2018, Jul. 2018, pp. 463-470, doi:10.1109/IJCNN.2018.8489146 [PDF]
  4. Z. Zhu, X. Fong, and G.-C. Liang, “Damping-like spin-orbit-torque-induced magnetization dynamics in ferrimagnets based on Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch equation,” Journal of Applied Physics vol. 124, iss. 19, art. 193901, Nov. 2018, doi:10.1063/1.5048040 [PDF]
  5. V. P. K. Miriyala, X. Fong, and G.-C. Liang, “FANTASI: A Novel Device‐to‐Circuits Simulation Framework for Fast Estimation of Write Error Rates in Spintronics,” in Proc. of International Conference on Simulation of Semiconductor Processes and Devices 2018, Sep. 2018, pp. 53-57, doi:10.1109/SISPAD.2018.8551656 [PDF]
  6. J. Deng, X. Fong, and G.-C. Liang, “Electric-field-induced three-terminal pMTJ switching in the absence of an external magnetic field,” Applied Physics Letters vol. 112, iss. 25, art. 252405, Jun. 2018, doi:10.1063/1.5027759 [PDF]
  7. Z. Zhu, X. Fong, and G.-C. Liang, “Theoretical proposal for determining angular momentum compensation in ferrimagnets,” Physical Review B vol. 97, iss. 18, art. 184410, May 2018, doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.97.184410 [PDF]
  8. L. Xiang, Y. Wang, P. Zhang, X. Fong, X. Wei, and Y. Hu, “Configurable multifunctional integrated circuits based on carbon nanotube dual-material gate devices,” Nanoscale vol. 10, iss. 46, pp. 21857-21864, Oct. 2018, doi:10.1039/C8NR08259F [PDF]
  9. J. Deng, X. Fong, P. Zhang, and G.-C. Liang, ” Layout-awareness of Three-terminal pMTJ Switched by Electric Field without External Magnetic Field,” IEEE Silicon Nanoelectronics Workshop (SNW), Jun. 2018, (Poster)

2017

  1. Y. Seo, X. Fong, and K. Roy, “Fast and Disturb-Free Nonvolatile Flip-Flop Using Complementary Polarizer MTJ,” IEEE Transactions Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems vol. 25, iss. 4, pp. 1573-1577, Apr. 2017, doi:10.1109/TVLSI.2016.2631981 [PDF]
  2. Z. Pajouhi, X. Fong, A. Raghunathan, and K. Roy, “Yield, area, and energy optimization in STT-MRAMs using failure-aware ECC,” ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems vol. 13, iss. 2, Mar. 2017, pp. 1437-1442, doi:10.1145/2934685 [PDF]

2016

  1. X. Fong, Y. Kim, R. Venkatesan, S. H. Choday, A. Raghunathan, and K. Roy, “Spin-transfer Torque Memories: Devices, Circuits and Systems,” Proceedings of the IEEE vol. 104, iss. 7, pp. 1449-1488, Jul. 2016, doi:10.1109/JPROC.2016.2521712 [PDF]
  2. X. Fong, R. Venkatesan, D. Lee, A. Raghunathan, and K. Roy, “Embedding read-only memory in spin-transfer torque MRAM based on-chip caches,” IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integration (TVLSI) Systems vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 992-1002, Mar. 2016, doi:10.1109/TVLSI.2015.2439733 [PDF]
  3. X. Fong, Y. Kim, K. Yogendra, D. Fan, A. Sengupta, A. Raghunathan, and K. Roy, “Spin-transfer torque devices for logic and memory applications: prospects and perspectives,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems vol. 35, iss. 1, pp. 1-22, Jan. 2016, doi:10.1109/TCAD.2015.2481793 Invited Paper. [PDF]
  4. A. Jaiswal, X. Fong, and K. Roy, “Comprehensive Scaling Analysis of Current Induced Switching in Magnetic Memories Based on In-Plane and Perpendicular Anisotropies,” IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems vol. 6, iss. 2, pp. 120-133, Jun. 2016, doi:10.1109/JETCAS.2016.2547698 [PDF]
  5. G. Narasimman, S. Roy, X. Fong, K. Roy, C.-H. Chang, and A. Basu, “A Low-voltage, Low Power STDP Synapse Implementation using Domain-wall Magnets for Spiking Neural Networks,” in Proc. of 2016 IEEE Int. Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), May 2016, pp. 914-917, doi:10.1109/ISCAS.2016.7527390 (Invited Paper) [PDF]
  6. A. Reza, Z. Al Azim, X. Fong, and K. Roy, “Modeling and Evaluation of Topological Insulator/Ferromagnet Heterostructure Based Memory,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices (TED) vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 1359-1367, Mar. 2016, doi:10.1109/TED.2016.2520941 [PDF]
  7. Y. Seo, K.-W. Kwon, X. Fong, and K. Roy, “High Performance and Energy-Efficient On-Chip Cache Using Dual Port (1R/1W) Spin-Orbit Torque MRAM,” IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems vol. 6, iss. 3, pp. 293-304, Sep. 2016, doi:10.1109/JETCAS.2016.2547701 [PDF]

2015

  1. Z. Pajouhi, X. Fong, and K. Roy, “Device/Circuit/Architecture co-design of reliable STT-MRAM,” in Proc. of IEEE/ACM Design, Automation &Test in Europe (DATE), Mar. 2015, pp. 1437-1442, doi:10.7873/DATE.2015.0145 [PDF]
  2. Y. Kim, X. Fong, and K. Roy, “Spin-orbit torque based spin-dice: a true random number generator,” IEEE Magnetics Letters vol. 6, art. 3001004, Dec. 2015, doi:10.1109/LMAG.2015.2496548 [PDF]
  3. K. Kwon, X. Fong, P. Wijesinghe, P. Panda, and K. Roy, “High-Density & Robust STT-MRAM Array through Device/Circuit/Architecture Interactions,” IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. (TNANO) vol. 14, iss. 6, pp. 1024-1034, Nov. 2015, doi:10.1109/TNANO.2015.2456510 [PDF]
  4. L. Zhang, X. Fong, C.-H. Chang, Z. H. Kong, and K. Roy, “Optimizing Emerging Non-Volatile Memories for Dual-Mode Applications: Data Storage and Key Generator,” IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems (TCAD) vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 1176-1187, Jul. 2015, doi:10.1109/TCAD.2015.2427251 [PDF]
  5. L. Zhang, X. Fong, C.-H. Chang, Z. H. Kong, and K. Roy, “Highly Reliable Spin-Transfer Torque Magnetic RAM based Physical Unclonable Function With Multi-Response-Bits Per Cell,” IEEE Trans. on Information Forensics and Security (TIFS) vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1630-1642, Aug. 2015, doi:10.1109/TIFS.2015.2421481 [PDF]
  6. Y. Seo, X. Fong, K.-W. Kwon and K. Roy, “Spin-Hall Magnetic Random-Access Memory with Dual Read/Write Ports for On-chip Caches,” IEEE Magnetics Letters vol. 6, art. 3000204, Apr. 2015, doi:10.1109/LMAG.2015.2422260 [PDF]
  7. Y. Seo, X. Fong, and K. Roy, “Domain wall coupling based STT-MRAM for on-chip cache applications,” IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices (TED) vol. 62, iss. 2, pp. 554-560, Feb. 2015, doi:10.1109/TED.2014.2377751 [PDF]
  8. Y. Kim, X. Fong, K.-W. Kwon, M.-C. Chen, and K. Roy, “Multi-level spin-orbit torque MRAMs,” IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices (TED) vol. 62, iss. 2, pp. 561-568, Jan. 2015, doi:10.1109/TED.2014.2377721 [PDF]
  9. K. Yogendra, M.-C. Chen, X. Fong, and K. Roy, “Domain wall motion based low power hybrid spin-CMOS 5-bit Flash analog data converter,” in Proc. of 16th IEEE Int. Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED), Mar. 2015, pp. 604-609, doi:10.1109/ISQED.2015.7085496 [PDF]
  10. A. Ranjan, S. Venkataramani, X. Fong, K. Roy, and A. Raghunathan, “Approximate storage for energy efficient spintronic memories,” in Proc. of IEEE/ACM Design, Automation & Test in Europe (DATE), Mar. 2015, pp. 1-6, doi:10.1145/2744769.2744799 [PDF]
  11. R. Venkatesan, S. Venkataramani, X. Fong, K. Roy, and A. Raghunathan, “Spintastic: Spin-based stochastic logic for energy-efficient computing,” in Proc. of IEEE/ACM Design, Automation & Test in Europe (DATE), Mar. 2015, pp. 1575-1578, doi:10.7873/DATE.2015.0460 [PDF]
  12. A. Sengupta, Z. Al Azim, X. Fong, and K. Roy, “Spin-orbit torque induced spike-timing dependent plasticity,” Appl. Phys. Lett. (APL), vol. 106, iss. 9, 093704, Mar. 2015, doi:10.1063/1.4914111 [PDF]
  13. K. Roy, D. Fan, X. Fong,Y. Kim, M. Sharad, S. Paul, S. Chatterjee, S. Bhunia, and S. Mukhopadhyay, “Exploring spin transfer torque devices for unconventional computing,” IEEE J. on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems (JETCAS) vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 5-16, Mar. 2015, doi:10.1109/JETCAS.2015.2405171. Invited Paper [PDF]

2014

  1. X. Fong, M.-C. Chen, and K. Roy, “Generating true random numbers using on-chip complementary polarizer spin-transfer torque magnetic tunnel junctions,” in Proc. of 72nd Device Research Conf. (DRC), Jun. 2014, pp. 103-104, doi:10.1109/DRC.2014.6872318 [PDF]
  2. X. Fong, Y. Kim, S. H. Choday, and K. Roy, “Failure mitigation techniques for 1T-1MTJ spin-transfer torque MRAM bit-cells,” IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integration (TVLSI) Systems vol. 22, iss. 2, pp. 384-395, Feb. 2014, doi:10.1109/TVLSI.2013.2239671 [PDF]
    • Errata
      1. Units of “Nominal J_{C}^{}” in Table I should be \text{``MA/cm}^{2}_{}\text{''} instead of \text{``mA/cm}^{2}_{}\text{''}
  3. X. Fong, R. Venkatesan, A. Raghunathan, and K. Roy, “Non-volatile complementary polarizer spin-transfer torque (CPSTT) on-chip caches: a device/circuit/systems perspective,” IEEE Trans. Magnetics (TMAG) vol. 50, iss. 10, art. 3400611, Oct. 2014, doi:10.1109/TMAG.2014.2326858 [PDF]
  4. L. Zhang, X. Fong, C. H. Chang, Z. H. Kong, and K. Roy, “Highly reliable memory-based physical unclonable function using spin-transfer torque MRAM,” in Proc. of 2014 IEEE Int. Symp. on Circuits and Systems, Jun. 2014, pp. 2169-2172, doi:10.1109/ISCAS.2014.6865598 [PDF]
  5. L. Zhang, X. Fong, C. H. Chang, Z. H. Kong, and K. Roy, “Feasibility study of emerging non-volatile memory based physical unclonable functions,” in Proc. of 6th Int. Memory Workshop, May 2014, pp. 1-4, doi:10.1109/IMW.2014.6849384 [PDF]
  6. Z. Al Azim, X. Fong, T. Ostler, R. Chantrell, and K. Roy, “Laser induced magnetization reversal for detection in optical interconnects,” IEEE Electron Device Letters (EDL) vol. 35, iss. 12, pp. 1317-1319, Oct. 2014, doi:10.1109/LED.2014.2364232 [PDF]
  7. K.-W. Kwon, S. H. Choday, Y. Kim, X. Fong, S. P. Park, and K. Roy, “SHE-NVFF: spin Hall effect based nonvolatile flip flop for power gating architecture,” IEEE Electron Device Letters vol. 35, iss. 4, pp. 488-490, Apr. 2014, doi:10.1109/LED.2014.2304683 [PDF]

2013

  1. X. Fong, and K. Roy, “A hybrid spin-charge mixed-mode simulation framework for evaluating STT-MRAM bit-cells utilizing multiferroic tunnel junctions,” in Proc. of 2013 Int. Conf. on Simulation of Semicond. Processes and Dev. (SISPAD), Sep. 2013, pp. 372-375, doi:10.1109/SISPAD.2013.6650652 [PDF]
  2. X. Fong, and K. Roy, “Robust low-power multi-terminal STT-MRAM,” in Proc. of 13th Non-volatile Memory Technology Symposium (NVMTS), Aug. 2013, pp. 1-4, doi:10.1109/NVMTS.2013.6851056 [PDF]
  3. X. Fong, and K. Roy, “Low-power robust complementary polarizer STTMRAM (CPSTT) for on-chip caches,” in Proc. of  5th Int. Memory Workshop (IMW 2013), May 2013, pp. 88-91, doi:10.1109/IMW.2013.6582105 [PDF]
    • Errata
      1. Parameters in Table I should be: V_{DD}~=~1.4\text{V}
      2. Table II should have same values for CPSTT and SSCs: I_{C}~=~210{\mu}\text{A},~J_{C}~=~8.4\text{MA/cm}^{2}_{}
  4. X. Fong, and K. Roy, “Complementary polarizers STT-MRAM (CPSTT) for on-chip caches,” IEEE Electron Device Letters vol. 34, iss. 2, pp. 232-234, Feb. 2013, doi:10.1109/LED.2012.2234079 [PDF]
    • Errata
      1. Page 232, Title: “Complimentary” should be replaced with “Complementary”
      2. Page 232, Column 1, Last sentence of Section I: “complimentary polarizers” should be replaced with “complementary polarizers”
      3. Page 233, title in running header: “COMPLIMENTARY” should be replaced with “COMPLEMENTARY”
  5. M. Sharad, X. Fong, and K. Roy, “Exploring the design of ultra-low energy global interconnects based on spin torque switches,” in Proc. of IEEE Int. Electron Device Meeting (IEDM) 2013, Dec. 2013, pp. 32.6.1-32.6.4, doi:10.1109/IEDM.2013.6724739 [PDF]
  6. D. Lee, X. Fong, and K. Roy, “R-MRAM: A ROM-Embedded STT MRAM Cache,” IEEE Electron Dev. Lett. vol. 34, iss. 10, pp. 1256-1258, Oct. 2013, doi:10.1109/LED.2013.2279137 [PDF]
  7. N. N. Mojumder, X. Fong, C. Augustine, S. K. Gupta, S. H. Choday, and K. Roy, “Dual pillar spin-transfer torque MRAMs for low power applications,” ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems (JETC) vol. 9, iss. 2, art. 14, May 2013, doi:10.1145/2463585.2463590 [PDF]
  8. M. Sharad, R. Venkatesan, X. Fong, A. Raghunathan, and K. Roy, “Energy-efficient MRAM access scheme using hybrid circuits based on spin-torque sensors,” in Proc. of 2013 IEEE Sensors, Nov. 2013, pp. 2-7, doi:10.1109/ICSENS.2013.6688182 [PDF]
  9. M. Sharad, R. Venkatesan, X. Fong, A. Raghunathan, and K. Roy, “Reading spin-torque memory with spin-torque sensors,” in Proc. of 2013 IEEE/ACM Int. Symp. on Nanoscale Architectures (NANOARCH), Jul. 2013, pp. 40-41, doi:10.1109/NanoArch.2013.6623040 [PDF]

2012

  1. X. Fong, S. H. Choday, and K. Roy, “Bit-cell level optimization for non-volatile memories using magnetic tunnel junctions and spin-transfer torque switching,” IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. (TNANO) vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 172-181, Jan. 2012, doi:10.1109/TNANO.2011.2169456 [PDF]
  2. G. Panagopoulos, C. Augustine, X. Fong, and K. Roy, “Exploring variability and reliability of multi-level STT-MRAM cells,” in Proc. 70th Device Research Conference (DRC), Jun. 2012, pp. 139-140, doi:10.1109/DRC.2012.6257003 [PDF]
  3. C. Augustine, N. N. Mojumder, X. Fong, S. H. Choday, S. P. Park, and K. Roy, “STT-MRAMs for future universal memories: Perspective and prospective,” in Proc. 28th Int. Conf. on Microelectronics (MIEL), May 2012, pp. 349-355, doi:10.1109/MIEL.2012.6222872 [PDF]
  4. C. Augustine, N. Mojumder, X. Fong, H. Choday, S. Park, and K. Roy, “Spin-Transfer Torque MRAMs for Low Power Memories: Perspective and Prospective,” IEEE J. Sensors vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 756-766, Apr. 2012, doi:10.1109/JSEN.2011.2124453. Invited Paper [PDF]

2011

  1. X. Fong, S. K. Gupta, N. N. Mojumder, S. H. Choday, C. Augustine, and K. Roy, “KNACK: a hybrid spin-charge mixed-mode simulator for evaluating different genres of spin-transfer torque MRAM bit-cells,” in Proc. of  2011 Int. Conf. on Simulation of Semicond. Processes and Dev. (SISPAD), Sep. 2011, pp. 51-54, doi:10.1109/SISPAD.2011.6035047 [PDF]
    • Errata
      1. Equation (4) should be: \frac{\partial\widehat{m}}{\partial t}=-\left|{\gamma_{}^{}}\right|\widehat{m}\times\left(\overrightarrow{H}_\text{EFF}+\overrightarrow{STT}\right)+{\alpha}\widehat{m}\times\frac{\partial\widehat{m}}{\partial t}
      2. Equation (11) should be: \overrightarrow{STT}_{}^{}=\frac{{\hbar}g\left(\widehat{m}\cdot\widehat{m}_{p}\right)J_{MTJ}}{2q{\mu}_{0}M_{S}t_{FL}}\left(\widehat{m}\times\widehat{m}_{p}\right)+\epsilon'\frac{{\hbar}J_{MTJ}}{2q\mu_{0}M_{S}t_{FL}}\widehat{m}_{p}
  2. C. Augustine, X. Fong, B. Behin-Aein, and K. Roy, “Ultra-low power nano-magnet based computing: a system-level perspective,” IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. (TNANO) vol. 10, 4, pp. 778-788, Jul. 2011, doi:10.1109/TNANO.2010.2079941 [PDF]

2010

  1. C. Augustine, X. Fong, and K. Roy, “Dual ferroelectric capacitor architecture and its application to TAG RAM,” in Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Integrated Circuit Design Technology (ICICDT) 2010, Jun. 2010, pp. 24-38, doi:10.1109/ICICDT.2010.5510750 [PDF]

2009

  1. C. Augustine, X. Fong, B. Behin-Aein, and K. Roy, “A comprehensive nano-magnet based logic synthesis for ultra-low power digital systems,” SRC TECHCON 2009 (Best Paper in Session Award)
  2. C. Augustine, B. Behin-Aein, X. Fong, and K. Roy, “A design methodology and device/circuit/architecture compatible simulation framework for low-power magnetic quantum cellular automata systems,” in Proc. of 14th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conf. (ASP-DAC) 2009, Jan. 2009, pp. 847-852, doi:10.1109/ASPDAC.2009.4796586 [PDF]

2006

  1. A. Raychowdhury, X. Fong, Q. Chen, and K. Roy, “Analysis of super cut-off transistors for ultralow power digital logic circuits,” in Proc. of 2006 Int. Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED), Oct. 2006, pp. 2-7, doi:10.1109/LPE.2006.4271798 (Best Paper Award) [PDF]