From radioactive sea monsters to mutant superbugs. This week, I’ll be discussing antibiotic-resistant viruses and their relationship with wastewater treatment!
Antibiotic compounds have flooded and permeated into every nook and cranny of our society. They are commercially utilized for livestock and aquaculture to prevent diseases outbreaks; applied to crops to improve disease resistance and increase yields; and even prescribed by clinics and hospitals(Kümmerer, 2009) for minor ailments like giving candy to children during Halloween!
Antibiotic introduction into the natural environment come from both non-point sources (surface run-off, groundwater permeation etc.) and this post’s primary focus: point source from wastewater treatment plants(WWTP) and direct discharge(Kümmerer, 2009). However, the real danger does not arise from the antibiotics released itself, but what happens when bacteria and viruses present and utilized in biochemical treatment in WWTPs receive a sublethal dose of antibiotics(Manaia et al., 2018).
That’s right! For the same reason your doctor tells you to finish the prescribed dose of antibiotics, a non-lethal dose of antibiotics combined with bioreactor conditions that boost bacterial growth hosts a favourable environment for bacteria with antibiotic-resistant genes(ARG) to outcompete their regular counterparts(Manaia et al., 2018).
To make things worse, many bioreactors (like in PUB’s municipal WWTPs) recycles portions of bacterial sludge from previous batches, exposing the antibiotic-resistant bacteria(ARB) to a wide variety of other antibiotics(Manaia et al., 2018). These fluctuating conditions preferentially select bacteria and viruses with ARG that resist a wide variety of antibiotics(Manaia et al., 2018), similar to Dr Rick Pott’s Variability Selection hypothesis.
If you’ve read A Clearer Picture, you might be wondering: since the wastewater ends up being disinfected before being discharged, why worry? While most ARB are vulnerable to disinfection, some studies show that ARG go through WWTPs largely untouched where they may be transferred to other cells in the natural environment(Yuan, Guo, & Yang, 2015); some ARB can even go into dormancy only to be reactivated once out of the disinfection tank(Manaia et al., 2018). Of course, antibiotics also make it out of the treatment process(Kümmerer, 2009), which makes it easier for bacteria in natural ecosystems to evolve into ARBs.
The consequences of this inadequacy are all around us. Wei et al. (2018) found significant amounts of ARG in bioreactor bacteria in Chinese WWTPs; Hatosy & Martiny (2015) found known and undiscovered ARG in coastal waters of California and Hawaii; and to top it all off, two separate studies found ARBs in bottlenose dolphins, harbour seals and harbour porpoises ((Schaefer et al., 2019), and this preliminary study conducted in Puget Sound).
All that is left for a potentially apocalyptic outbreak is for the ARG to incorporate itself in a human vector or pathogen(like E. Coli) or god forbid, an influenza virus with multiple ARGs that resists all kinds of antibiotics, a superbug(Manaia, 2017).
If it isn’t clear enough already, excessive antibiotic use not the way forward. With ARG all over our biosphere, it’s just a matter of time before a superbug pandemic matching the scale of the black plague starts. Antibiotic substitutes like Yan Yang et al.’s polymer could be our salvation. Until then, go organic, eat fewer products that use antibiotics(like meat and dairy); and please, finish your antibiotic dose. Doctor’s orders!
Next week, I’ll be looking at the ways to deal with antibiotics and pharmaceuticals right at the source, so stay tuned!
References:
Hatosy, S. M., & Martiny, A. C. (2015). The ocean as a global reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00736-15
Kümmerer, K. (2009). Antibiotics in the aquatic environment – A review – Part I. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.086
Manaia, C. M. (2017). Assessing the Risk of Antibiotic Resistance Transmission from the Environment to Humans: Non-Direct Proportionality between Abundance and Risk. Trends in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2016.11.014
Manaia, C. M., Rocha, J., Scaccia, N., Marano, R., Radu, E., Biancullo, F., … Nunes, O. C. (2018). Antibiotic resistance in wastewater treatment plants: Tackling the black box. Environment International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.044
Schaefer, A. M., Bossart, G. D., Harrington, T., Fair, P. A., McCarthy, P. J., & Reif, J. S. (2019). Temporal Changes in Antibiotic Resistance Among Bacteria Isolated from Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, 2003-2015. Aquatic Mammals, 45(5), 533–542. https://doi.org/10.1578/AM.45.5.2019.533
Wei, Z., Feng, K., Li, S., Zhang, Y., Chen, H., Yin, H., … Deng, Y. (2018). Exploring abundance, diversity and variation of a widespread antibiotic resistance gene in wastewater treatment plants. Environment International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.009
Yuan, Q. Bin, Guo, M. T., & Yang, J. (2015). Fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes during wastewater chlorination: Implication for antibiotic resistance control. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119403
Trik Mudah Cara Membuat Mesin Plester Dinding Sendiri ! Apakah Anda sedang merenovasi rumah dan membutuhkan cara membuat mesin plester dinding? Atau mungkin Anda ingin mencoba membuat mesin plester dinding sendiri? Tidak perlu khawatir, dalam artikel ini kami akan memberikan panduan lengkap tentang cara membuat mesin tersebut sendiri.
Thank you for sharing , your expertise on this topic!
안전놀이터
I can say that this game is truly worthy of praise! Friday Night Funkin. Exciting graphics and catchy music provide a unique and fun experience. The gameplay is also very dynamic and challenging, helping you relax and enjoy your leisure time. Keep up the good work and show off your dancing abilities!
Hello, I enjoy reading through your post. I wanted to writea little comment to support you.
사설토토
안
That is a really good tip especially to those new to the blogosphere.
온라인카지노
Thanks For Sharing Information, Its Really Helpful For me. Please Keep Posting.. 토토사이트
the details that you have on your website. We have bookmarked this site. keep it up and thanks again.
หวย ฮานอย vip
I am very impressed with your writing majorsite and I’m really happy to find a post with the material I was looking for! I bookmark and will come often! Thanks 😀
Hello ! I am the one who writes posts on these topics bitcoincasino, But by chance looking at your post solved my problem! I will leave my blog, so when would you like to visit it?
I was looking for another article by chance and found your article safetoto and I am very happy to see your post just in time and it was a great help. Thank you ! Leave your blog address below. Please visit me anytime.
I came to this site with the introduction of a friend around me and I was very impressed when I found your writing. I’ll come back often after bookmarking! casino online I couldn’t think of this, but it’s amazing! I wrote several posts similar to this one, but please come and see!
Thank you very much for this useful article. I like it.
ลิงค์รับทรัพย์ 123bet
Escribo blogs con frecuencia y realmente aprecio su contenido web. La publicación realmente ha despertado mi interés. Agregaré su sitio web a favoritos y seguiré buscando información nueva. escorts Quilmes
After reading this amazing and informative post I want to request you to write a blog about electronic price tag as I am searching for the best post here but I can’t find the quality posts.
Jika kamu sering kalah dalam bermain slot ketika menggunakan cara biasa, maka cara ini bisa kamu coba sebagai strategi selanjutnya. 5 Cara Curang Main Slot Online Paling Populer di Tahun 2023!
What role do bioreactors, such as those in PUB’s municipal WWTPs, play in the development and selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB)? How does the recycling of bacterial sludge contribute to this process? Tel U
Very interesting information! Perfect what I searched for will definitely come again
123 plus
Aw, this was a very nice post. Taking a few minutes and actual effort to make
a very good article… but what can I say… I put things off a whole lot and don’t
manage to get nearly anything done.
안전놀이터
“Good information, thanks for sharing us this unique content , Visit us if you’re looking for the red borneo suppliers information”
I appreciate the pleasant post. There is a huge amount of helpful information in this post. Keep going. Visit us if you’re looking for the plastic recycling machine manufacturers information.
I definitely enjoyed every bit of it and i also have you saved as a favorite to check out new stuff on your web site. 789betting แทงหวย
The way you write, you are really a professional blogger.
123เบท
deneme Visit W3Schools
Hi Everyone! This blog is amazing. Thanks for this blog post. These days everyone is struggling with writing assignments due to lack of time. So we are here to help you out with this. You can visit our Assignment Help service and avail of our service with 100% plagiarism-free.
Outlook Spotlight의 특집 기사를 통해 활기 넘치는 온라인 카지노의 세계를 탐험해 보세요. 최신 스포트라이트 기사 “2023년 한국을 대표하는 카지노 베스트 7(2023년 한국을 대표하는 카지노 사이트 베스트 7)”에서 대한민국 온라인 게임의 정점으로 두각을 나타내는 상위 7개 카지노 사이트를 공개합니다.
기사를 자세히 살펴보며 온라인 게임 경험을 재정의하는 추천 카지노 사이트를 찾아보세요. 우리가 선별한 목록에는 보안, 게임 다양성, 사용자 경험, 독점 기능 등의 요소에 대한 철저한 평가가 반영됩니다. 스릴 넘치는 게임부터 최첨단 기술까지, 우리는 이러한 카지노 사이트를 업계 최고로 만드는 주요 특성을 강조합니다.
귀하가 노련한 플레이어이든 온라인 카지노 세계에 처음 입문하는 사람이든 상관없이 저희 기사는 귀하의 게임 여정을 향상시키는 데 도움이 되는 귀중한 통찰력과 권장 사항을 제공합니다. Outlook Spotlight의 전문가 보도를 통해 역동적인 온라인 게임 영역의 최신 동향과 제안에 대한 정보를 받아보세요.
카지노사이트
Notary Public, providing in person Notaries in Brampton and online notaries in Ontario.
notary public close to me
2023년 대한민국 바카라 사이트 회원들이 선정한 최고의 바카라 사이트를 소개합니다 무엇보다 안전과 사용자 편의성을 중심으로 평가하여 추천 사이트를 엄선했습니다 당사의 추천을 믿고 가입 하신다면 후회 없는 선택을 하실 것입니다.
바카라사이트
Your insight on this topic is truly enlightening. python training institute in kolkata
You will be exposed to all forms of entertainment fun.
ช่องทางติดต่อ 123bet
Blog with your content This article caught my attention.
ช่องทางติดต่อ 123bet
I believe the content material here is rattling great , appreciate it for your efforts. สมัคร สมาชิก หวย ลาว You should keep it up forever!
Please continue this great work and I look forward to more of your awesome blog posts
https://totopro.xyz/index.php/2024/01/07/mapping-online-casinos-against-internet-trends/
It is very helpful, on the other hand it might be critical so as to look at using web page: slot gacor terpercaya
U maak hier soveel goeie punte dat ek u artikel ‘n paar keer gelees het. U sienings is meestal in ooreenstemming met my eie. 텍사스홀덤 Dit is ‘n uitstekende inhoud vir u lesers.
Obrigado por compartilhar. Encontrei muitas informações interessantes aqui. uma postagem extremamente sensata, 토토사이트 추천 extremamente grata e esperançosa de que você simplesmente possa escrever mais postagens como este site!
Thanks for sharing good information with us. i like your post And all you share with us is up to date.
พริตตี้บาคาร่า ลิงค์รับทรัพย์
Great things you’ve always shared with us. Just keep writing this kind of posts.The time which was wasted in traveling for tuition now it can be used for studies.Thanks https://canarysalon.com/
Thanks for posting it. I have read your article, it is very informative and helpful for me.I admire the valuable information you offer in your articles. ทางเข้า ฉลากออมสิน
Thanks for such amazing content. Your blog was really worth reading. 먹튀검증디비
mvpwin666 แหล่งรวมเกมเดิมพันที่การันตีผลชนะให้แบบระดับ mvp
Do you have any additional insights or examples to support the topic discussed? Visit us Telkom University
I find Thorin to be one of the most complex and compelling characters in The Hobbit. While he exhibits noble qualities – his determination, courage, and willingness to reclaim his homeland – he is also flawed in significant ways. His pride and greed for the treasure of Erebor leads him to mistrust Bilbo and threatens his relationships with the elves and men.
Very interesting content bro! Always update so that our insight can increase!
If you want to get information about Unveiling the Secrets: What Triggers a Jackpot on
a Slot Machine, this is the way to do it bro! visit this link dude!
Trigger Jackpot on Slot
Friday Night Funkin is the best music game I’ve ever played!
You have really creative ideas. It’s all interesting I’m not tired of reading at all. ทางเข้า wm
you have very useful and creative ideas .Thanks for sharing this Certified Mulesoft Platform Architect
Your article has left an indelible mark on me, and I am grateful for the experience. kiemtienonline
It’s a game. Five dollars is free. Try it It’s not an easy game
->-> 카지노 검증업체.COM
Thanks . It is too much informative for me . I have learnt alot of things from there . ทางเข้าเล่น 789bet
How extensively are antibiotic compounds utilized across various sectors, according to Kümmerer’s research in 2009?
telkom university