Since my last post dealt with the importance of water treatment in Singapore, I think it’ll be quite fitting to make this one about the process of water treatment. PUB actually has rather well designed and concise infographics that introduces their water treatment system (check this and this out for more information). Therefore I’ll add on some details they may have missed out on, and also tap on my personal knowledge of the treatment techniques used by Toxic Industrial Waste Collectors (TIWCs) in Singapore from my internship.
Let’s try a little exercise! Head to Google Maps and look up satellite images of PUB’s water reclamation plant in Singapore. What caught your eye?
Was it these structures? I sure hope so! These are the core part of most water treatment plants, the bioreactors and clarifiers for settling bacteria aggregates after biochemical treatment.
These are like giant beer barrels; except instead of yeast, the bacteria cultures used are designed to digest and break down a wide variety of polysaccharides, lipids, and other pollutants.
They are the workhorse of any water treatment facility and help cut BOD and COD of wastewater down to safe levels for human use. The other processes of a water treatment plant revolve around the welfare and performance of these little guys.
The bacteria require high surface area access to pollutants, but high TSS and settleable solids just get in their way. Therefore, plants incorporate filter screens to remove large settleable solids and chemical coagulation and clarification of TSS.
Bar screen for filtering large settleable solids. Source: https://aosts.com/types-wastewater-screening/
Saline wastewater reducing the productivity of bioreactor? (Linaric et al., 2013) Then pass the wastewater through a distillation set up to reduce TDS through evaporation!
A multiple-effect(stage) Distillation set up for lowering TDS Source: https://gemina.es/files/catalogue/pdf/18_Evaporadores_ING.pdf
Multiple-effect distillation columns Source: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/distillation-column-21227565788.html
Heavy metals slowing down the growth of bacteria? (Cabrero et al., 1998) One of our TIWCs implemented an Electric Coagulator that precipitates charged aqueous metal ions as solid metal particles out for filtration without the use of chemicals!
Refractory non-biodegradable VOC and SVOC like tetrahydrofuran slowing down or even sterilising bioreactors? (Yao et al., 2012) Actually, that’s one of the headaches plaguing water treatment in Singapore at the moment! Fortunately, novel technologies are being experimented and pilot tested by PUB and a few TIWCs. I’ll be covering this in a later post.
After the bioreactors have done their job, its time to add final touches to the water. This depends on what the water is being used for. Domestic and industrial potable use calls for pH balancing and sterilisation. Specialised industries that need ultra-pure water go to NEWater, where our crème de la crème of water treatment technologies resides.
Every step along the way is filled with its own intricacies and face their own set of problems that probably deserve articles of their own. Plenty of research is being done along every step, and novel technologies are being thrown around left and right. However, a healthy dose of scepticism due to economic feasibility, performance, and stringent policies blocks the path of innovation. Let’s hope it does not come down to environmental degradation and human death to get things moving.
Gallery
Satellite Images of Kranji(Top) and Jurong(Bottom) Water Reclamation Plant. Source: Google maps
Close-up of a clarifier for settling bacteria aggregates after biological treatment. Source: https://www.pub.gov.sg/usedwater/treatment/usedwatertreatmentprocess
Aerated Activated Sludge Tank. Source: https://www.watertechonline.com/sludge-treatment-efficiency/
References
Cabrero, A., Fernandez, S., Mirada, F., & Garcia, J. (1998). Effects of copper and zinc on the activated sludge bacteria growth kinetics. Water Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00366-7
Linaric, M., Markic, M., & Sipos, L. (2013). High salinity wastewater treatment. Water Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.376
Yao, Y., Lu, Z., Min, H., Gao, H., & Zhu, F. (2012). The effect of tetrahydrofuran on the enzymatic activity and microbial community in activated sludge from a sequencing batch reactor. Ecotoxicology, 21(1), 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0765-3
Acknowledged as the premier gym in Sharjah, we pride ourselves on providing focused training for committed athletes striving for exceptional physique and performance. Within our state-of-the-art facility, individuals of all skill levels can engage in challenging and rewarding workouts.
Quantitative research in business is all about using numbers to understand your market and operations. It answers “how much” and “how many” questions through surveys, experiments, and data analysis. This helps businesses make data-driven decisions on everything from product pricing to marketing campaigns. It reveals trends, measures customer preferences, and validates hunches with hard data.
I’ve had some interesting insights after reading this post, which are related to the conversations I started at outlook business email. I’m interested in hearing your thoughts on these subjects!
Explore top-tier education consultancy services in Karachi customized to your needs. Our experienced team provides expert guidance on university admissions and career development. Trust in our consultancy services to navigate your educational journey with confidence and success.
Your post was a symphony of knowledge! Now I’m excited to expand my intellect and explore knowledge-rich content on outlook signup.
veru nice blog and good post with that check it lane 7 apparel
Established as Pakistan’s top Western clothing brand, we epitomize fashion excellence, setting the benchmark for style and quality in the industry. With a dedication to innovation and trendsetting, our brand offers an extensive range of meticulously crafted garments for both men and women.
Your blog post on ‘A Clearer Picture’ provides insightful perspectives that are both thought-provoking and enlightening. It’s refreshing to see clarity amidst the noise of information overload. Keep up the excellent work!
We sell authentic and real Ksubi Jeans at our store. Ksubi fans offers like Hoodie, tracksuits, and T-Shirt at cheap prices.https://ksubijeans.ltd/
Hello, Neat post. There’s a problem along with your web site in web explorer, calgary sw dentist would test thisK IE still is the market chief and a huge component to people will pass over your fantastic writing due to this problem
Hi, I think your site might be having browser compatibility issues. seo company toronto When I look at your website in Safari, it looks fine but when opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping. I just wanted to give you a quick heads up! Other then that, fantastic blog!
We sell authentic and real Ksubi Jeans at our store. Ksubi fans offers like Hoodie, tracksuits, and T-Shirt at cheap prices.https://ksubijeans.ltd/
It’s a game. Five dollars is free. Try it It’s not an easy game ->-> 카지노사이트.com
hellstar Shirt epitomize the fusion of high fashion with streetwear sensibilities. Renowned for their oversized silhouettes, bold graphics, and avant-garde designs,hellstar Shirt blur the lines between luxury and urban style.The hellstar shirt
Fuct Clothing represents more than just fashion; it’s a statement of boldness, authenticity, and rebellion. With its provocative designs and uncompromising attitude The fuct
Vetements Hoodies epitomize the fusion of high fashion with streetwear sensibilities. Renowned for their oversized silhouettes, bold graphics, and avant-garde designs, Vetements Hoodies blur the lines between luxury and urban style. The vetements Hoodie
ovo nfl varsity jacket epitomize the fusion of high fashion with streetwear sensibilities. Renowned for their oversized silhouettes, bold graphics, and avant-garde designs, ovo nfl varsity jacket blur the lines between luxury and urban style. The ovo nfl varsity jacket
Hellstar shirts apart is their timeless elegance and edge. Whether worn as a statement piece or layered into everyday looks, Hellstar shirts offer versatility, style, and attitude in equal measure The Hellstar Shorts
Hellstar Clothing emerged from the underground subcultures of streetwear fashion, where they quickly gained traction among individuals seeking to express their rebellious spirit and challenge mainstream norms. The Hellstar Clothing
Hellstar Beanie have captured the imaginations of fashion enthusiasts worldwide. Let’s delve into the captivating allure of Hellstar Beanie, exploring their origins, design elements, cultural significance, and enduring appeal. The Hellstar Beanie
https://chromeheartsltd.com/chrome-hearts-shoes/
Corteiz Clothing offers a diverse selection of stylish and comfortable hoodie. Explore our collection to discover the perfect blend of comfort, style, and versatility.shopcorteizclothing.com
Thanks for sharing such informative content about optimizing social media campaigns! It’s refreshing to discover new strategies.
It’s a game. Five dollars is free. Try it It’s not an easy game
->-> 토토사이트 .COM
nice article
thanks for sharing with us
snowflake-training-in-hyderabad/
I’m absolutely blown away by the transformative power of your tips for scoring high in Holmes exams! Having struggled with these assessments in the past, I was desperate for guidance on how to improve my performance. Your blog post provided precisely that and more. Each tip is like a nugget of wisdom, offering practical solutions to common challenges faced by students. What’s more, your suggestions are not just theoretical but grounded in real-world applicability. Here are Top 10 Tips to Score High in Holmes.
Buy a tricycle, a scooter for the elderly, a three-wheeled scooter
3 Wheel Electric Scooter
En ligne Acheter Avis Trustpilot Personnaliser le pays, le contenu, score. prix pas cher. La qualité est fiable et ne sera pas supprimée.
Are you worried from living the same routine over and over again? Is it getting hard for you to wake up in the morning for your online English class after a night shift at work? Pay Someone to do My Online English Class is an expert service from the house of myclassprofessor. We guarantee A or B grades . If you need additional help or willing to pay someone to take my online English class for me, get in touch with us at any time. Now from the comfort of your home you can hire someone to take my online English class online for me and get the education you always required to have. Don’t let your busy schedule stop you from completing your goals, order our take my online English class services today! Are you still confused if you can pay someone to take my English online courses? Talk to our representatives today and they will answer all questions you might have about our take my English courses online services.
High-performance computing infrastructures are the powerhouses behind tackling complex problems in various fields. These systems, often called clusters, harness the combined might of numerous high-speed servers working together. This parallel processing enables HPC to crunch massive datasets and perform intricate calculations at mind-boggling speeds, exceeding traditional computers by millions of times. These capabilities fuel advancements in fields like weather forecasting, medical research, and artificial intelligence.
Check out this team of web development consultant canada for expert services.
This is also a very good post which I enjoy reading. It is not every day that I can see something like this.
As regards:- Call girls in Bangalore
اشتري سكوتر كهربائي عبر الإنترنت، أفضل سكوتر كهربائي للكبار في المملكة العربية السعودية.
افضل سكوتر كهربائي للكبار في السعودية، اشتري سكوتر كهربائي
it starts with us theme This book matches your content well
Your insights into scoring high in Holmes exams are an absolute game-changer! I’ve been struggling to find effective study strategies that resonate with me, and your blog post is like a breath of fresh air. Each tip is incredibly actionable, offering practical solutions to common challenges faced by students. What’s more, your advice is delivered in a clear and concise manner, making it easy for me to understand and implement. I’ve already started incorporating your tips into my study routine, and I can’t believe the difference it’s made in such a short time. For more info read about Top 10 Tips to Score High in Holmes.
Hi,
This is really useful thanks for sharing this useful information with us. I really appreciated your dedication to making this informative. I would suggest you try this floating ball valves.
PPF kaplama hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak ve Matrix Micro Coatings güvencesiyle PPF kaplama hizmeti almak için şimdi bize ulaşın.
ppf kaplama
“I found your post quite engaging. Its eloquence and depth really got me thinking.”
CYBER SECURITY ACADEMY
Publicación increíble. Es el mejor momento para hacer algunos planes para el futuro y es hora de ser feliz. Este es realmente un tema interesante para mí, así que quiero entender todo lo que tienes que decir. Le agradezco que se haya tomado el tiempo y el esfuerzo para escribir este artículo. ¡¡Gracias
So good to discover somebody with a few unique thoughts on this subject matter.
totositewebtop
thanks for valuable info
gcp training in hyderabad
The JAIIB Exam serves as a gateway for banking professionals to validate their knowledge, skills, and expertise in core banking areas. By understanding the exam structure, significance, and preparation strategies outlined in this guide, candidates can embark on their JAIIB journey with confidence and determination.
Experience the impact of our digital marketing solutions firsthand. We specialize in driving growth, increasing visibility, and maximizing ROI for businesses of all sizes. Let our seo company unlock the full potential of your online presence.
I really appreciate you sharing this information. I’m happy to have read this amazing blog post.
As Regards:- Call girls in Chennai
Your blog is an excellent guide for anyone interested in developing smart contracts. The breadth of knowledge and applications provided make it an essential read for both users and professionals for smart contract development company. I especially value the business ideas you provide. As someone who is extensively involved in the business, I found your content to be both informative and valuable. Your commitment to providing high-quality information coincides perfectly with the concept of our company. Let’s keep elevating the conversation and driving innovation together.
https://lbmsolutions.in/smart-contract-development-company/
Your blog is an excellent guide for anyone interested in developing smart contracts. The breadth of knowledge and applications provided make it an essential read for both users and professionals for company smart contract development company I especially value the business ideas you provide. As someone who is extensively involved in the business, I found your content to be both informative and valuable. Your commitment to providing high-quality information coincides perfectly with the concept of our company. Let’s keep elevating the conversation and driving innovation together.
Transform your living space with FSH Furniture’s stunning selection of sectional sofa in Dubai. Visit our stores today to find the perfect piece for your home.