It is quite literally one of the few elements that hold us together. Without it, almost every oxygen-respiring organism would slump into an organic soup (Ruttenberg, 2013) More importantly, it supplies energy to most aerobic organisms’ cells, allowing lifeless organic compounds to move, grow and well, be alive (Ruttenberg, 2013)!
The effects of phosphorus fertiliser use on crops. Source: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum (53227(1828)
In agriculture, phosphorus is a vital ingredient in fertilisers that prevent topsoil degradation after harvests have removed soil nutrients (Cordell, Drangert, & White, 2009). This phosphorus is mined from rocks (aptly named apatite) that have substantial concentrations of phosphorus (Daneshgar, Callegari, Capodaglio, & Vaccari, 2018), supplied by tectonic uplift of buried oceanic sediments as seen below (Ruttenberg, 2013).
The global phosphorus cycle. Upward arrows indicate phosphorus replenishment. Source: Ruttenberg et al. (2013)
Our society effectively relies on a resource that takes tens of thousands of years to replenish to feed an ever-growing population (Cordell et al., 2009; Ruttenberg, 2013)! Unsurprisingly, we exploit this finite resource like there’s no tomorrow (Daneshgar et al., 2018). We pump more phosphorus than the ground can hold, causing the excess to leach into our rivers and oceans; stimulating toxic algae blooms that kill fish and create anoxic dead zones when the nutrients have been exhausted (MIT, 2016).
The depletion of phosphorus reserves is a hotly debated topic (Daneshgar et al., 2018). Daneshgar et al. (2018) gave a tentative estimate of a few centuries, while Cordell et al. (2009) painted a grim few decades remaining of unequal phosphorus distribution between the rich and poor. As an environmentalist, the concept of relying on a finite resource gives me the same anxiety as a looming deadline; it’s an itch that I cannot tolerate.
Anthropogenic phosphorus budget, landfill and sewage losses are fairly significant. Source: Cordell et al. (2009)
Ultimately, the ideal outcome is closing the anthropogenic phosphorus loop and preserving natural phosphorus flows. The recovery of phosphorus from wastewater treatment, while not a large proportion of anthropogenic phosphorus loss, is still a significant point-source emitter that we can feasibly amend (Cordell et al., 2009; Daneshgar et al., 2018). Furthermore, the inherent global distribution of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) could equalise the current oligopoly of phosphorus source countries (Daneshgar et al., 2018). At least, it’s better than twiddling our thumbs.
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In conventional WWTPs, most of the phosphorus in wastewater is removed in sludge to meet effluent discharge standards and lost when the sludge is incinerated and landfilled (Cornel & Schaum, 2009).
Phosphorus-recovering WWTPs typically utilise magnesium and calcium salts to crystallise phosphate fertilisers from wastewater, wet sludge or incinerated sludge ash after pre-treatment to remove other pollutants like heavy metals (Cornel & Schaum, 2009). Other novel approaches such as the use of algae sequestration have been tested, but trade away phosphorus recovery performance for the production of ready-made livestock feed and organic fertiliser (Shilton, Powell, & Guieysse, 2012).
In the pursuit of recovering and reusing a finite resource, we should not lose sight of other environmental objectives too. After all, it would be pointless if phosphorus recovery uses more energy than phosphorus extraction from apatite (Daneshgar et al., 2018) since we would be exchanging different forms of environmental degradation.
Just imagine if our upcoming Integrated Waste Management Facility had a zero-energy phosphorus recovery system; we could be one step closer to sustainable food self-sufficiency!
References:
Cordell, D., Drangert, J. O., & White, S. (2009). The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought. Global Environmental Change. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.009
Cornel, P., & Schaum, C. (2009). Phosphorus recovery from wastewater: Needs, technologies and costs. Water Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.045
Daneshgar, S., Callegari, A., Capodaglio, A. G., & Vaccari, D. (2018). The potential phosphorus crisis: Resource conservation and possible escape technologies: A review. Resources. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7020037
Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) (2016). Eliminating depletion and environmental damage with efficient phosphorus use and reuse. Mission 2016. Retrieved from https://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2016/finalwebsite/solutions/phosphorus.html
Ruttenberg, K. C. (2013). The Global Phosphorus Cycle. In Treatise on Geochemistry: Second Edition. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00813-5
Shilton, A. N., Powell, N., & Guieysse, B. (2012). Plant based phosphorus recovery from wastewater via algae and macrophytes. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2012.07.002
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Unraveling the Chemical Composition and Applications of ADB-PINACA: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract:
This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the chemical composition and applications of ADB-PINACA, a synthetic cannabinoid that has gained significant attention in recent years. The article delves into the molecular structure, synthesis, and pharmacological properties of ADB-PINACA, followed by a discussion on its legal status and potential therapeutic uses.
https://bbgate.com/media/adb-pinaca-synthesis.93/
Introduction:
ADB-PINACA (Methyl 2-[1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazol-3-carboxamido]-3,3-dimethylbutanoate) is a synthetic cannabinoid that has emerged as a popular research subject due to its psychoactive properties. This compound is a member of the indazole-3-carboxamide family, which has gained notoriety for its use in designer drugs and research chemicals. Despite its growing popularity, there is a paucity of comprehensive information on the chemical composition and applications of ADB-PINACA.
Chemical Composition and Synthesis:
ADB-PINACA is a synthetic cannabinoid that is structurally similar to THC, the primary psychoactive compound found in cannabis. However, ADB-PINACA has a more complex molecular structure, with a pentyl chain that is substituted with a fluorine atom. This structural modification enhances the potency and duration of action of ADB-PINACA compared to THC.
The synthesis of ADB-PINACA involves a series of chemical reactions that require specialized knowledge and equipment. The process begins with the reaction of 5-fluoropentylindazole with chloroformamide to produce 5-fluoropentylindazole-3-carboxamide. This intermediate compound is then reacted with 3,3-dimethylbutanoyl chloride to produce ADB-PINACA.
Pharmacological Properties:
ADB-PINACA exerts its pharmacological effects by binding to cannabinoid receptors in the brain and nervous system. The compound has a high affinity for CB1 receptors, which are responsible for the psychoactive effects of THC. However, ADB-PINACA has a lower binding affinity for CB2 receptors, which are involved in inflammation and immune response.
The pharmacological properties of ADB-PINACA make it a potent psychoactive compound with a rapid onset of action and a prolonged duration of effects. However, the compound’s high potency also increases the risk of adverse effects, such as anxiety, agitation, and psychosis.
Legal Status and Potential Therapeutic Uses:
ADB-PINACA is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States, making it illegal to possess, distribute, or manufacture the compound. However, the compound’s unique chemical structure and pharmacological properties make it a promising candidate for therapeutic applications.
Preliminary research suggests that ADB-PINACA may have potential therapeutic uses in the treatment of pain, nausea, and anxiety. However, further research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of the compound for these indications.
Conclusion:
ADB-PINACA is a synthetic cannabinoid with a complex molecular structure and potent psychoactive effects. While the compound’s high potency and potential for adverse effects make it a subject of regulatory concern, its unique pharmacological properties make it a promising candidate for therapeutic applications. Further research is needed to fully understand the chemical composition and potential therapeutic uses of ADB-PINACA.
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The Chemical Composition and Applications of Synthetic Cocaine
Introduction
Synthetic cocaine, also known as “crack” or “rock,” is a powerful stimulant drug that is chemically similar to cocaine, a naturally occurring substance derived from the leaves of the Erythroxylum coca bush. However, synthetic cocaine is produced in clandestine laboratories through a chemical synthesis process that involves the use of various chemicals and reagents. This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the chemical composition and applications of synthetic cocaine.
https://bbgate.com/threads/cocaine-extraction-from-coca-leaves.19/
Chemical Composition
The chemical formula for synthetic cocaine is C~17~H~21~NO~4~. It is a crystalline substance that is usually white or off-white in color. The synthesis of synthetic cocaine involves the reaction of various chemicals, including sodium hydroxide, potassium permanganate, and ether. The resulting product is then converted into a smokable form through a process known as “freebase conversion.”
The chemical structure of synthetic cocaine is similar to that of cocaine, with the primary difference being the absence of a hydroxyl group in the synthetic compound. This structural difference results in a higher potency and faster onset of action for synthetic cocaine compared to cocaine.
Applications
Synthetic cocaine is a Schedule II controlled substance in the United States, which means that it has a high potential for abuse and is only available for medical and scientific use. Despite its illegal status, synthetic cocaine is widely used as a recreational drug due to its potent stimulant effects.
One of the primary applications of synthetic cocaine is in medical research. It is used as a tool for studying the pharmacology and toxicology of cocaine and other stimulant drugs. Synthetic cocaine can be used to study the mechanisms of addiction, as well as the effects of cocaine on various physiological processes, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature.
Synthetic cocaine is also used in forensic science for the detection and analysis of cocaine and other stimulant drugs. It is used as a reference standard for comparing the chemical composition and purity of seized drug samples. Additionally, synthetic cocaine can be used to develop new methods for drug testing and analysis.
Conclusion
Synthetic cocaine is a potent stimulant drug that is chemically similar to cocaine but is produced through a chemical synthesis process. Its primary applications are in medical research and forensic science. Despite its illegal status and potential for abuse, synthetic cocaine remains an important tool for studying the pharmacology and toxicology of cocaine and other stimulant drugs. Further research is needed to develop new methods for the detection and analysis of synthetic cocaine, as well as to understand its mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic uses.
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