Q1: 
a. What organ do the microscopic pictures feature?
The kidney (go revise your histology!) Look for the glomeruli, tubules and vessels.
Here is a labelled picture, in the abnormal area. Identify the structures in the normal picture too.
b..Describe the microscopic changes seen in the picture on the RIGHT.
There is increased eosinophilia ( tissues appear more reddish ) of the cells. The glomeruli and tubules exhibit preserved cell outlines with loss of nuclei.
c. What is the pathologic process?
Coagulative necrosis (cell death).
d. What is the diagnosis and the likely cause?
Diagnosis: Renal infarct
Cause: : Likely from thromboembolism, causing occlusion of the renal artery branch(es).
Q2.
57 year old man. Referred to cardiologist after routine health screening.
a. Describe the main abnormality seen and give the diagnosis.
This is a transverse section of the heart, with the left ventricle showing concentric (even, circumferential) thickening of the wall.
Diagnosis: Left ventricular hypertrophy
b. What specific type of cellular response does this represent? What is a likely cause in this patient?
Hypertrophy is a form of cellular adaptation.
This occurs in tissues which are unable to enter the cell cycle and proliferate. It may be in response to increased work demand.
The likely causes in the left ventricle are resistance to outflow , eg. hypertension, or aortic valve stenosis.
c. What would you expect to see on microscopic examination of the abnormal area?
Enlargement of the cells without increase in cell number.
Q3.
63 year old man. Complained of severe chest pain and sweating before collapsing.
a. Describe the main abnormality seen and give the diagnosis.
This is a transverse section of the heart, showing both the right and left ventricles. At the anteroseptal region (anterior wall and interventricular septum), there is an irregular area of pale discoloration, associated with mild haemorrhage (ill-defined darker blackish areas).
Diagnosis: Myocardial infarction.
b. What specific type of cellular response does this represent?
Cell death (necrosis).
The specific pattern of necrosis here is coagulative necrosis.
c. Describe what you are likely to seeunder the microscope.
Densely eosinophilic cardiomyocytes with preserved cellular outlines. No nuclei are discernible (loss of nuclei). Scattered inflammatory cells are noted among the cardiac muscle cells, indicating an inflammatory response.
