State of Nature Arguments

You can find them in various Classical Chinese philosophical texts, e.g., Mozi (the Shangtong triad), Mencius (3A5), Xunzi (Chapter 19, 20, 23), and even in Hanfeizi (Chapter 49). But let’s get clear on what sort of animal or animals we are talking about.

Traditionally, “state of nature” accounts are associated with ideas put forward by such thinkers as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and so on, each of whom proposed stories about what the lives of people must have been like before the genesis of civil society. By so doing, their aim is to illuminate the nature of civil society and justify its ways to us. The standard story, associated especially with Hobbes and Locke, talks about how life was nasty, short and brutish, a state of war of all against all in the state of nature, or at the very least, very inconvenient. And so civil society was formed–and here, the state of nature part of the story intersects with another important concept also associated with the same thinkers–through a social contract. But technically, the two ideas “state of nature” and “social contract” can be disaggregated.

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