ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SYMPOSIUM 2013
PROGRAMME
Symposium I (11 Mar 2013)
Presenting: Groups 01 – 12
Reviewing: Groups 13 – 24
| Parallel Session 1 – LS Lab 7A (6 groups)
Chairperson: Foo Maosheng Timekeeper: Rachel Oh Groups reviewing: 13-18
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Parallel Session 2 – LS Lab 7C (6 groups)
Chairperson: Malgorzata Lisowska Timekeeper: Amanda Tan Groups reviewing: 19-24
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Symposium II (25 Mar 2013)
Presenting: Groups 13 – 24
Reviewing: Groups 25 – 36
| Parallel Session 1 – LS Lab 7A (6 groups)
Chairperson: Rachel Oh Timekeeper: Foo Maosheng Groups reviewing: 25-30
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Parallel Session 2 – LS Lab 7C (6 groups) Chairperson: Malgorzata Lisowska
Timekeeper: Amanda Tan Groups reviewing: 31-36
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Symposium III (08 Apr 2013)
Presenting: Groups 25 – 36
Reviewing: Groups 01 – 12
| Parallel Session 1 – LS Lab 7A (4 groups)
Chairperson: Rachel Oh Timekeeper: Amanda Tan Groups reviewing: 01-06
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Parallel Session 2 – LS Lab 7C (5 groups)
Chairperson: Foo Maosheng Timekeeper: Malgorzata LisowskaGroups reviewing: 07-12
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ABSTRACTS
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Symposium I, Parallel Session 1
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11 Mar 2013
Venue: LS Lab 7A
Chairperson: Foo Maosheng
Timekeeper: Rachel Oh
Reviewing groups: 13-18
10.00-10.10am: Preparation and Opening by Chairperson
10.10-10.30am: Group 01 – “Lesser Whistling Ducks’ Preening Behaviour”
Presented by Phua Ka Sin April, Joanna Tan Tian-Hui, Szeto Ching Hang, Thia Shi Ting, Yi Pin.
Abstract -Lesser Whistling Ducks (Dendrocygna javanica) can be found in freshwater wetlands and are the only resident wild ducks in Singapore. They spend large proportions of their time preening. Interestingly, among the different types of preening observed in the Lesser Whistling Ducks at Botanic Gardens, nibbling occurs most frequently. ‘Nibbling’ is the action where feathers are pulled gently through the duck’s bill or nibbled lightly from end to end. Our group explored the reason for its frequency through conducting focal sampling at the Eco-Lake in Botanic Gardens from 0700-0900h, over a period of twenty hours in total. We recorded the types of preening the ducks engaged in and the body parts preened. We found that nibbling occurs 90% of the time, and that wings are preened the most. We suggest the frequency of nibbling is due to its function of parasite removal and because nibbling targets the wings, realigning flight feathers.
10.30-10.50am: Group 02 – “Hungry Birds”
Presented by Dai Yi Qiang, Kimberley Anne Tan, Lee Sok Lai, Soong Shu Kai, Tan Swee Leng
Abstract – Javan Mynas (Acridotheres javanicus), black-brown birds with yellow-rim eyes, are commonly found across Singapore. We examine the effects of human proximity to and orientation towards Javan Mynas on their foraging behaviour. Collectively, we spent 9 hours observing them using the scan sampling method at 10-minute intervals. Successful feeding is done when mynas complete the sequence of foraging behaviour (approaching food source and consuming food). Our data shows that mynas have unsuccessful feedings and flush from the cleaner when the latter is front facing them in two NUS canteens. Human proximity accounts for failed feedings in the Arts canteen while those in the Business canteen seem unaffected by it. Conditioning of and habituation to the presence of the cleaners explain their behaviour at the Arts and Business canteens respectively. We propose that the discrepancy in mynas’ learning can be attributed to the different behaviour of the cleaners at the canteens.
10.50-11.10am: Group 03 – “Fight Club: What are the common aggressive behaviors during Macaque conflicts?”
Presented by Meveen Kaur Kang, Jeevita Sidhu, Chak Hanrui Christopher, Shobana Balachandran, Andrew Andy Chng Chee Weng
Abstract -For our projects, we observed the common aggressive behaviors during conflicts among the Long-tailed Macaque, Macaca fascicularis along Old-Upper Thomson Road. Their behaviors were observed over four days of three hours each in the mornings, afternoons or evenings. An all occurrence sampling method together with an ethogram was formulated with their actions broken down into 3 categories: Aggressive (Non-physical), Aggressive (Physical) and Submissive. Despite certain limitations, it was observed that introductions of stimuli such as food and territorial conflicts caused conflicts between macaques. Additionally, deformed macaques and mothers with babies were less inclined to conflicts.
11.10-11.30am: Group 04 – “The observation of macaques’ responsiveness to humans with possessions ”
Presented by So Si Ying, Tan Su Qing Gayle, Tan Wan Xian Priscilla, Huang Shi Yan Colleen, Nur Ain Sudirman
Abstract -Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are primate natives to Southeast Asia and live in social groups with overlapping generations. Being constantly exposed to human presence, we questioned whether this has an effect on the way they respond to humans with belongings. Spot sampling of long-tailed macaques was conducted at Macritchie Reservoir Park during feeding (1030 – 12pm) and non-feeding hours (1230 – 330pm) at half an hour intervals for 4 consecutive Saturdays (2nd Feb – 9th March). We observed different degrees of responsiveness in relation to the ethogram, and other factors such as feeding time and age of the macaques. The results indicate that macaques are aware and conscious of the distinctiveness of humans with belongings, responding with a spectrum of action, from submissiveness to initiating direct contact with humans.
11.30-11.50am: Group 05 – “Does the behaviour of the male Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus) differ in an individual and group setting?”
Presented by Amanda Leong Min’En, Ang Jian Martin, Cheryl Siah Zhu Er, Chua Jing Ning Jazreen, Kang Khein Keat Justus
Abstract -The objective of our study is to ascertain if there are distinct differences in the behaviour of the male Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus) in an individual and group setting. The study was conducted at the field opposite Block 454 Sin Ming Avenue, Singapore. Observations were made over a duration of 2 hours over 3 days from 7 to 9am before the activity levels of the fowls fell after 9am. Through establishing an ethogram, our findings have shown distinct differences in the fowls’ behaviour, in terms of foraging and locomotion, scouting and territorial behaviour. However, further research might be necessary to better substantiate our claims and its general applicability.
11.50-12.10pm: Group 06 – “It’s a peafowl love-story”
Presented by Dominic Chan, Jasmine Sim, Kyna Kng, Lin Zhilun, Lee Zhiwei
Abstract -Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) are known to display their colourful trains during courtship. Substantial studies have been made for on the peacock’s trains but not as much with regards to the peahens. Therefore, our group wants to investigate if the courtship for the Indian peacock will be affected by the number of peahens around it. Observations was conducted at Sentosa at every 2 hours interval from 9am to 6pm for 4 days. A successful courting behaviour is noted as the opening of its train till it closes, including mating calls and dance. The results indicate a positive correlation between the duration of the train display and the frequency of the dance with respect to the number of peahens around. However, there is no apparent relationship between the frequency of mating call and the number of peahens around. Time of the day also affects their courtship behaviour.
12.10-12.40pm: Feedback
1.00pm: End
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Symposium I, Parallel Session 2
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11 Mar 2013
Venue: LS Lab 7C
Chairperson: Malgorzata Lisowska
Timekeeper: Amanda Tan
Reviewing Groups: 19-24
10.00-10.10am: Preparation and Opening by Chairperson
10.10-10.30am: Group 07 – “The Hierarchical Behavior Of feral Felis catus.”
Presented by Teo Quan Hau Alan, Farah Chian Kai Shwen, Chan Fong Leng Lois, Chan Mei Yi, Chong Zheng Pang Jonathan
Abstract -Cats (Felis catus) are known to follow a hierarchy, demonstrated by rubbing behavior (lower hierarchy cat rubs higher hierarchy cat) and avoidance of another’s territory. We wanted to find out if this hierarchy is similarly demonstrated during feeding time. We observed a group of four feral cats in a HDB neighbourhood before, during and after feeding time (by a human feeder), to try to identify any hierarchical behavior. We observed all the cats throughout their feeding period, and employed event sampling to record their subsequent behavior. Over a period of five days, there was a consistent feeding order, as well as other behavior indicative of a hierarchy such as ‘invasion’ and ‘repulsion’ behavior outside of feeding time. These results suggest that the hierarchy that is present in normal behavior is maintained even during feeding time among feral cats.
10.30-10.50am: Group 08 – “Alertness: Foraging Behavior of Javan Mynas”
Presented by Koh Tongjie, Cao Yubo, Chen Guoyang, Yeo Wenna, Toh Li Hong Catherine
Abstract -We are studying the Acridotheres javanicus, more commonly known as the Javan Mynas. This is the most common species of birds in Singapore, and it is widely considered as a pest. They often intrude into human spaces when feeding. In order to better manage them and control their population, we need to understand their foraging behaviours. Hence we focused our study on the behavioural differences across differing environments, and whether they are more alert when in the presence of humans. We conducted our study through the use of phenomenology and data collection with the aid of video recording during the peak hours between 1200 to 1400. Our study, done at grass patches and hawker centres, showed significant differences between the behaviour exhibited by Javan Mynas in the two environments. Therefore, we conclude that Javan Mynas are more alert in the presence of humans (when in hawker centres).
10.50-11.10am: Group 09 – “Plantain Squirrels and their behaviours.”
Presented by Choo Xinrong, Ko Li Ying Clara, Sie Shao Ming Sharmaine, Ling Xin Ping, Nureen Suliman Hassan
Abstract -Our case study focuses on the plantain squirrels, a commonly sighted animal in Singapore, both in urban and rural areas. Its distinct appearance makes it easily identifiable as a study subject. Our macro focus is on the study of the daily activity pattern of a typical plantain squirrel. After which our micro focus will be on its dominant behaviour, foraging. We applied the ad libitum sampling and focal animal sampling when observing them at the Botanic Gardens. Also, in order to quantify how active the squirrels are, we estimated the distance moved by them. By doing a quantitative and qualitative analysis of our study, we realised that the squirrels are generally active in the morning with main behaviours being foraging, grooming, feeding and defence. Also, through observing their repetitive sequence of behaviour, we concluded its dominant behaviour to be foraging. Closer observation showed that foraging leads to feeding behaviour.
11.10-11.30am: Group 10 – “Essence of Chicken”
Presented by Pang Jia Hao Jason, Pang Jia Min Jamie, Quek Juan Siu, Yeo Hui Jun Janice, Jow Hui Lin Kelly
Abstract -The Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus) is a tropical member of the pheasant family. They are found in grassy areas and spend 60% of their time foraging. In order to better understand this endangered animal, our group seeks to understand the factors affecting foraging behaviour of the Red Jungle Fowl. We timed and counted the number of independent foraging activity within a period of 3 minutes for 20 times from 9am-12pm for two days. We identified two variable factors: their gender and whether they are in a group. The results showed that males tend to forage less and that the species forage more in a group. Our findings and observations show that the species have different gender roles and that they feel more secure in a group. Other relevant and interesting observations will be discussed as well.
11.30-11.50am: Group 11 – “What is the frequency of feeding of the common rose butterfly (Pachlilopta aristolochiae asteris) during different parts of the day?”
Presented by Vivienne Khoo Pei Xuan, Sim Pei Jia Niki, Low Jing Yong, Welzl Valentin Xin Wei, Koh Hong Jing
Abstract – The common rose butterfly (Pachlilopta aristolochiae asteris) feeding frequency was observed in Singapore Botanic Gardens across a time period of 9 am to 3 pm. Studies suggest that the period from 11 am to 1 pm has the highest feeding frequency, followed by 9 am – 11 am and lastly 1 pm – 3 pm with 80%, 60% and 29% of the observed population feeding respectively. Qualitative characteristics of the feeding behaviour was also recorded and analysed which support evidences that the common rose butterfly continuously flutter their wings while nectaring, enabling them to access flowers which are too delicate to land on. Another key observation is that the flight patterns can be described as “slow”, “unhurried” and “displaying hindwings coloration during hovering”, which is use to minimise energy expenditure and utilise the warning colorations that the common rose butterfly possess.
11.50-12.10pm: Group 12 – ” How does the presence of conspecifics or other birds relate to its foraging pattern?”
Presented by Low Ji Xiong, Neo Jack Wee, Laurentcia Arlany, Jacy Hui Ming Fang and Kellie Kok Yu Feng
Abstract -The White-breasted Waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus) is a typically land-dwelling bird commonly found across Southeast Asia, foraging at waterside near or within vegetation. Our study investigates its foraging patterns and how it relates to the presence of conspecifics or other species of birds in its habitat. Observations were carried out in the undergrowth at Sungei Buloh as well as at the Ecolake in the Singapore Botanic Gardens to map out an ethogram of its foraging behaviour. We have thus found that the waterhen may forage alone or in pairs, its foraging patterns have suggested possible courtship feeding; and lastly that the perimeter of its foraging zone can be affected by inter-species interaction. In the variety of foraging patterns displayed under different circumstances our study is able to provide greater insight on the waterhen’s cost-benefit analysis, and how it balances between the need for vigilance and nutrition.
12.10-12.40pm: Feedback
1.00pm: End
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Symposium II, Parallel Session 1
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25 Mar 2013
Venue: LS Lab 7A
Chairperson: Rachel Oh
Timekeeper: Foo Maosheng
Reviewing groups: 25-30
10.00-10.10am: Preparation and Opening by Chairperson
10.10-10.30am: Group 13 – “Differing Foraging behaviours of Little Egrets along Pasir Ris Canal”
Presented by Joel Koh Jun Kai, Ng Wei Lin Jocelyn, Ng Ee Yen, Hu Kang Hong Benjamin, Foo Fang Yu
Abstract – It is known that little egrets forage in both group and individual settings, but little is known about the reasons for their choice for either. Therefore our group seeks to investigate the difference in efficiency between group and individual foraging. In our study of little egrets along Pasir Ris Canal, we employed observations of 15-minute intervals during periods of low-tide. Through quantitative analysis, we discover that it is more effective for little egrets to forage in a group. However, our study revealed that, despite staying in groups during foraging, little egrets continue to display individualistic foraging behavior. The benefit of a group setting includes a heightened level of awareness to their surroundings and any potential threats. Recognizing the inherent individualistic nature of little egrets, we conclude that it is indeed more efficient for little egrets to forage in groups.
10.30-10.50am: Group 14 – “To Flick Or Not To Flick”
Presented by Ng Kian Wee Aaron, Chiang Tian Loon, Tan Jun Kai, Pek Shi Qi Cassandra, Tan Wei Jun
Abstract – The water monitor (Varanus salvator) is the second largest monitor lizard in the world. It is a shy animal, living close to bodies of water. Like most reptiles, it senses by flicking its tongue. After seeing tongue flicking first hand in the field, the question of whether the frequency of the water monitor’s tongue-flicking increases in the presence of disturbances quickly followed. Focal sampling was conducted at Sungei Serangoon in intervals of 1 minute over 5 days in the morning (7am-10am) and in the afternoon (1pm-4pm). We defined a tongue flick as the tongue exiting and entering the mouth of the water monitor. Our data suggests that the frequency of tongue flicks does increase when disturbances are present. Other factors include foraging patterns and weather conditions. Interesting interactions with wildlife present were also observed, possibly affecting the behavior of the water monitor.
10.50-11.10am: Group 15 – “Do cats exhibit different behaviour patterns before and after feeding?”
Presented by Low Jiemin, Tan Chew Hui Evelyn, Tan Jia Hui, Tan Han Pang Dale, Zhang Yiru
Abstract – Felis catus, commonly known as cats, can be seen in almost all neighborhoods. This project aims to determine whether the behavior of cats differs before and after feeding. 3 observations were done to record the behavior the cats displayed 20 minutes before and after feeding. It was found that the cats displayed different behaviors before and after the feeding. They tend to approach and follow feeders pre-meal and groom themselves post-meal. It is also believed that their social status within the hierarchy has an effect on their behavior.
11.10-11.30am: Group 16 – “Food for Fight: What are the agonistic behaviours displayed by Lesser Whistling Ducks during feeding?”
Presented by Amanda Kuah Jing Yi, Lim Zhi Han, Poh Soo Ming, Tan Kai Yi Cheryl, Tan Wei Jie Clement
Abstract – Lesser Whistling Ducks (Dendrocygna javanica) are gregarious animals found in shallow freshwater wetlands in Singapore and are commonly known to exhibit mild behaviours. However with the introduction of food, this species tend to display a range of agonistic behaviours within the flock. This study therefore seeks to identify the types of agonistic behaviours displayed during feeding and the frequency of each relative to another. The team deployed the technique of focal and continuous sampling at the Singapore Botanic Gardens Eco-Lake during dusk over a cumulative period of 10 hours, keeping the introduced food source constant while tracking the frequency of each agonistic behaviour displayed. Among the 3 primary agonistic behaviours exhibited, stretching of neck whilst opening of mouth has been observed to have the highest occurrence followed by pecking, then chasing, presumably to maintain close proximity to the food source while fending off competition.
11.30-11.50am: Group 17 – “How do different temperatures at different times of the day affect the foraging speeds of Weaver Ants?”
Presented by Alfathi Arzaini, Yeap Si Rui, Adeline Chang See Mun, Surendran Jayasundar, Teo Boon Hock.
Abstract -Weaver ants (Genus Oecophylla), are fast-moving, aggressive ants that build nests by weaving leaves together using larval silk. Their speed (stride length x stride frequency) is affected by temperature, which affects metabolism and hence stride frequency. 20-minute spot samplings were conducted at the path alongside Adinandra belukar forest behind NUHS to examine how temperatures at different times of the day affect their foraging speed. For each sampling, the time taken for each of 15 randomly spot-sampled ants to travel 2.0m over the same path was recorded. This was repeated with a different selection of ants at different times of the day corresponding to cooler (<30 °C) and warmer (>30 °C) temperatures. The results indicate foraging speed increases with temperature. Other factors affecting the speeds such as humidity, ant’s traffic and their interactions and some interesting observations such as their defensive behaviours and extreme sensitivity to scents will also be discussed.
11.50-12.10pm: Group 18 – “What are those white and tall birds with slender necks you see at Jurong East MRT Station, NUS and sometimes on lamp posts along BKE? ”
Presented by Hoe Wah Kiat, Catherine Lim Fong Zhi, Zhou Wan Yi, Benjamin Tan Peh Leng, Chu Kok Loong
Abstract – The Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) will be our animal in focus for this project. Our group decided on those residing at Sungei Buloh and we wanted to find out whether they foraged more efficiently in flocks or as individuals. Foraging behavior was measured at 2 minutes intervals for both flocks and individuals. Interestingly, we found that they had to peck more and move a greater distance as individuals than in groups. We will discuss the various reasons for this behavior and explore their methods of foraging too. Be sure to check our presentation out for exciting details!
12.10-12.40pm: Feedback
1.00pm: End
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Symposium II, Parallel Session 2
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25 Mar 2013
Venue: LS Lab 7C
Chairperson: Malgorzata Lisowska
Timekeeper: Amanda Tan
Reviewing Groups: 31-36
10.00-10.10am: Preparation and Opening by Chairperson
10.10-10.30am: Group 19 – “What Bugs Me…”
Presented by Hani Julyani Bte Haizan, Koh Hui Ting Emilyn, Lee Kay Ling, Mohammad Fahmy B Abdul Rashid, Wong Su Suan
Abstract – Weaver ants, i.e. Oecophylla smaragdina, are commonly found across Southeast Asia and Australia. As a colony on the whole, ants work 24 hours a day, with batches of ants taking shifts in resting and foraging. Our project aims to investigate at which time of the day are weaver ants most active. This is done through field observations over a 12-hour time frame, with 3-hour intervals between each observation. Through the field notes we obtained from five observations, we were able to deduce weaver ants’ foraging patterns. Weaver ants are most active in foraging in mid- to late afternoon, i.e. 3pm 6pm, and showed the least movement in the night time, i.e. 9pm and 12am.
10.30-10.50am: Group 20 – “Do paired lesser whistling ducks display high frequency of aggression towards solitary lesser whistling ducks?”
Presented by Cheryln Ang Ee Shan, Ho Jiahui, Mai Hongyi, Nuraiysah Binte Shamsudin and Yeo Kai Ting June
Abstract – Lesser whistling ducks (Dendrocygna javanica) are gregarious birds. They form permanent pair bonds that breed during the wet season. During the breeding season, their temperament changes and become more aggressive. Therefore, this project investigates “Do paired lesser whistling ducks display high frequency of aggression towards solitary lesser whistling ducks?” Spot samplings of ducks were conducted at Singapore Botanical Gardens during Singapore’s Northeast monsoon season for 5 days (21st to 26th February) from 10am to 12pm. The frequency and sequence of aggressive behaviors were recorded. Results indicated 2 significant trends. First, aggression initiated by paired ducks towards solitary ducks accounted for 40% of all aggressions observed. Second, aggression initiated by paired ducks towards paired ducks accounted for 42% of all aggressions observed. High aggression might reflect pair formation and the establishment of breeding territory between ducks. The low frequency of solitary ducks attacking solitary and paired ducks will also be discussed.
10.50-11.10am: Group 21 – “Macaques, Cepat Jalan!”
Presented by Nathaddeus Tan Ken Long, Eileen Ong Yi Lin, Lim Zhen, Lewis Sng Puay Teck and Ibrahim Bin Rozainoor
Abstract -Long tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are one of the most common wild animals that can be found in the numerous parks in Singapore. They display highly social behaviour, living and travelling in groups that averagely number around 27 (Chapman, 2000). We will be exploring if hierarchy affects the group movement patterns of these macaques by observing groups of macaques over 4 days from 8am to 12 pm at Macritchie and Pierce Reservoirs. The results suggest that hierarchy plays a role in group movement patterns: High ranking female macaques led the movement of the group together with the alpha male. The macaques appear to display a shared consensus decision (Sueur & Petit 2008) whereby the decision to move is shared between two or three high-ranking females and the alpha male. Our group will also be examining reasons and factors for group movement in long tailed macaques.
11.10-11.30am: Group 22 – “Debunking the Myth of Butterfly Lovers”
Presented by Cheryl Chin Xin Ci, Cheryl Low Xue Er, Chew Guo Qiang, Lee Peiwei, Phng Yun Lin Veronica
Abstract – Popular culture tend to romanticize the flight of butterflies yet how true is this of butterflies in reality? This project aims to debunk the myth by examining the behaviour of the Common Grass Yellow (Eurema hecabe) butterflies around Sphagneticola trilobata. Our choice of location is Labrador Park as it is densely populated by the Common Grass Yellow. This enables a great amount of interactions between butterflies which allows us to observe their behaviours with precision. Our observation sessions range from 10am-12pm. Employing methods such a scan and focal sampling, we have discovered that the paired flight of butterflies is actually a territorial battle. The losing butterfly will give up the area of contest and fly off while the other butterfly remains either to feed or to rest on the flower. In conclusion, the romantic flight of butterflies is no other than an overused myth.
11.30-11.50am: Group 23 – “Do all aggressive behaviour escalates into a full fight?”
Presented by Fabian Chiam Ying Liang, Koh Tiong Wei Judah, Ashlyn Wong Wei Chi. Terry Shen Yilin, Gayatri D/O Aruchunan
Abstract – Orange Fiddler Crabs (Uca vocans) are small crabs that live on soft muddy areas exposed to wave action along our shores. It is known to us that the male crabs exhibit territorial behaviour, so our team went deeper to find out if all aggressive behaviour escalates into a full fight? Spot sampling of the crabs was conducted at Pasir Ris Park (8 and 11 Mar 2013) in pockets of twenty minutes, ten for the crabs to habitualise to our presence and ten minutes to observe. We based our observations on the ethogram with every physical contact of the enlarged orange claws being considered as a fight. Our results show that only one-third(35%) of male crabs observed actually get itself into fights” as it is energetically exhaustive for the crab to fight which is not wise for survival.
11.50-12.10pm: Group 24 – “The Foraging Behaviour of Javan Mynas – Rain or shine?”
Presented by Chan Jun Han, Liu May Ying Liza, Nguyen Trong Son, Tan Li Pei Valentina, Tan Shenn Linn
Abstract – The Javan Myna (Acridotheres javanicus) is easily identified by its uniform black feathers, bright yellow beak and legs. They are often seen foraging, thus we are keen to find out if weather conditions (a sunny day or after rain) will affect their foraging frequency. We observed over a period of 4 days– 2 sunny days and 2 days after a heavy rain, from 5-7pm at an open field at Hougang. We counted the number of times they pecked on the ground in 2 minutes, where its head has to stay down for at least 2 minutes, with 10 minutes interval in between. Our results showed an increase in the frequency of foraging after rain compared to a sunny day. This could be due to insects that were initially hiding in ground, being flushed out due to the rain. Other associative behaviours such as observation of group foraging will be discussed.
12.10-12.40pm: Feedback
1.00pm: End
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Symposium III, Parallel Session 1
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08 Apr 2013
Venue: LS Lab 7A
Chairperson: Rachel Oh
Timekeeper: Amanda Tan
Reviewing groups: 01-06
10.00-10.10am: Preparation and Opening by Chairperson
10.10-10.30am: Group 25 – “Preen me Pretty!”
Presented by Chia Xiang Min Stacey, Jane Sng Hui Juan, Chiam Qing Ling, Jazreel Zhou Jun, Huan Jia Yan
Abstract – Lesser Whistling Ducks (Dendrocygna javanica) are gregarious animals that are often seen in loose colonies. Second to resting, the ducks engage most of their time in grooming themselves which is important in maintaining their health. Hence, we raise the question, how does the grooming activities of the ducks vary during the day? Observations were conducted for three days at the Singapore Botanic Gardens to record the amount of time spent preening at one hour intervals from 9am to 6pm. The act of grooming, or preening, includes a series of cleaning and arranging of their feathers. Based on our observations, we gathered that these ducks preened their feathers relatively consistently from 9am to 3pm and reduce in preening from 3pm to 6pm. On average, these ducks spends 40.9% of their time in the day preening. We would be deducing the reasons behind these observations in our discussion.
10.30-10.50am: Group 27 – “The Effect of Vehicles on Bipedal Standing Behaviour of Long-tailed Macaques”
Presented by Simone Wong Ying Herng,Teo Shi Min,Lim Heng Xin,Khoo Shu Wen andLim Hui Ping Michelle.
Abstract – Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are omnivorous primates native to Southeast Asia. Studies have shown that they exhibit many different positional behaviours but rarely display bipedal standing behaviour. Our project focuses on the effect of vehicles on frequency of long-tailed macaques’ bipedal standing behaviour. We employed continuous group sampling in 20-minute intervals, over a course of 12 hours at Old Upper Thomson Road. Our results show that bipedal standing behaviour is mostly elicited when the vehicle stops and the windows are rolled down. This shows learning in macaques through their association of vehicles with food.
10.50-11.10am: Group 28 – “Perching characteristics of Red-eared Sliders”
Presented by Lim Jia Yi Sylvia, Ng Xin Yi Carissa, Sim Shu Fen Stephanie, Tan Yong En, Yeo Kia Ju Andre.
Abstract – The Red-Eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) is a semi-aquatic turtle that is a popular pet choice in many countries. For the slider, as with all cold-blooded reptiles, basking is an important behavioural activity as it allows them to absorb heat to use as energy as they are unable to regulate their own body temperatures. The objective of our study is thus to find out if the sliders in the Botanic Gardens Symphony Lake had a preferred perch for basking among the different perch locations available to them. Observations were made over periods of 3 hours from 9am to 3pm on different days, which is when basking is likely to occur. Our data reflects that the sliders prefer the log over the other perch locations, possibly due to it being sheltered from environmental disturbances amidst other reasons.
11.10-11.30am: Group 29 – “Giant Mudskippers, Giant Attitude: What Triggers Their Aggressive Behavior?”
Presented by Chang Yin Hao, Ang Shi Ern Judith, Loh Jia Yin, Hsu Ming Jie, Low Jue Ming
Abstract – The Giant Mudskippers (Periophthalmodon schlosseri), usually found in the back mangroves of Singapore, are known to be aggressive but few have documented about their aggression patterns and the triggers. Hence we wanted to discover if mudskippers exhibit consistent displays of aggression and determine their possible causes. Sequence sampling was conducted at the Sungei Buloh Mangrove Arboretum mudflats for aggression events during low tides for 8 days between 7th February and 21st March. Every chase or fight constitutes as one observation and behaviour prior and post aggression are also recorded. Our results allow us to conclude that giant mudskippers display a consistent set of actions that indicates aggression and it can be triggered by a variety of reasons. Other associated behaviors such as courtship and interactions with other species will also be discussed.
11.30-12.00pm: Feedback
1.00pm: End
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Symposium III, Parallel Session 2
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08 Apr 2013
Venue: LS Lab 7C
Chairperson: Foo Maosheng
Timekeeper: Malgorzata Lisowska
Reviewing Groups: 07-12
10.00-10.10am: Preparation and Opening by Chairperson
10.10-10.30am: Group 31 – “Investigating the influence of female presence on the agonistic behavior of male fiddler crabs.”
Presented by Samantha Loh En Ci, Tan Xuan Kai, Foo Xinyue, Chewng Wen Zhao, Ang Yuan Xia
Abstract – Our study focuses on of the male fiddler crab Uca Vocans. From our initial recce session in Chek Jawa, we observed that male fiddler crabs were very aggressive towards other males. We hypothesized that this trend of aggression could be part of mating rituals to attract females. The purpose of our study is to determine if agnonistic behaviour displayed by males are influenced by the presence of female crabs. From our observations , we have determined that such agonistic behaviours are not primarily influenced by females and could be due to other reasons such as territorial protection.
10.30-10.50am: Group 32 – “butter-FLIGHTS off my territory!”
Presented by Chua Yihui, Gabriel Eng, Aileen Goh Wen Min, Chen Meiqi and Victoria Ann Choo Xue Ting
Abstract – Plain Tiger butterflies (Danaus chrysippus) are medium-sized butterflies with distinctive black spots on the centre of their orangey-brown wings. They are often seen in pairs chasing one another therefore we questioned, do they exhibit this due to territorial behaviour? Spot sampling was conducted at Dhoby Ghaut Green at intervals of 10 minutes from 9am to 2pm for 3 days. For every paired occurrence that was observed, we categorized them into 2 groups – ‘territorial’ (one butterfly of the pair returning to the same flower before flight) and ‘not territorial’ (butterfly pair in flight going separate ways without returning to a flower). Results from our observations show that there were significant lesser occurrences of butterflies displaying territorial behavior compared to the latter. Hence, we conclude that not all chasing behaviour is territorial but are more related to courtship behaviour known as patrolling.
10.50-11.10am: Group 33 – “Eyeing the Egrets”
Presented by Cheng Xian Yan Nicholas, Tay Shu-Min Samantha, Boey Ying, Esther Tan Sixuan, Tan Sally
Abstract – Little Egrets (Egretta garzetta) are the most commonly found egrets in Sungei Buloh. They utilize different techniques such as “Walk and Peck”, “Stand and Peck” and “Food Stirring” to capture prey. We hypothesized that the most effective technique would be most widely used. The greater efficiency would allow the egrets to obtain more food and spend less time feeding, thus increasing survival. Observations were done from 9 am to 12pm over 3 days, noting the techniques used and the peck to swallow ratio of each technique. A swallow is determined when the egrets throw their heads backwards to swallow the food. They were observed until they move out of sight. Results indicated that “Walk and Peck” is the most effective method. However “Stand and Peck” is the most commonly used. This may be due to factors such as conservation of energy and the egrets combing different techniques together.
11.10-11.30am: Group 35 – “Foraging success of mynahs”
Presented by Dayna Ng Su Lin, Lum Li Ying Annabel, Ng Qi Wen, Tan Li Yan Renee, Zachary Low Wei Jing
Abstract – “The Javan Mynah (Acridotheres javanicus), is a small black bird identifiable by their yellow beak and feet and white patch at their wing and tail area, commonly observed in Singapore. Our preliminary observations suggest that mynahs forage in pairs or alone. Our research question thus examined if foraging success is higher for paired or individual mynahs. We hypothesized a higher success rate for paired mynahs than individuals. Fieldwork was conducted at Serangoon Gardens market and Alexandra Village food centre over 4 days from 1-3pm. Every dip of the mynah’s head was considered time spent eating and taken as a percentage of the total time spent at the table. Success rate for pairs (36%) was observed to be higher than individuals (25%). ”
11.30-11.50am: Group 36 – “To raise or not to raise?”
Presented by Leon Lim Jiu He, Linapriya D/O Muniandy
Abstract – We observed the blue-spotted mudskippers (Boleopthalmus boddarti) to develop an idea about how often, and to what intensity, their dorsal fins are raised in regards to their immediate environment. We spent several hours over 3 days to observe the mudskippers at Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve’s mudflats. After much analysis of our observation, the results highlighted an abundance of use of the mudskippers’ dorsal fins, though the purpose for the use and intensity varied depending on the size of the other mudskippers in the vicinity. The use of their fins was more common than previously assumed and not restricted to mere aggression for mating or territorial disputes.
11.50-12.20pm: Feedback
1.00pm: End
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