ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SYMPOSIUM 2014
PROGRAMME
Symposium I (10 Mar 2014)
Presenting: Groups 01 – 14 except 05
Reviewing: Groups 15 – 28, 05
| Parallel Session 1 – Lab 7A (7 groups) Staff in attendance: Amanda Tan, Emilie Cros, Catharina Gallacher, Rachel Oh | Groups reviewing: 15-21 |
Parallel Session 2 – Lab 7C (7 groups) Staff in attendance: Mr N. Sivasothi, Wong Jinfa, Rohini Rangarajan, Seshadri Kadaba Shamanna | Groups reviewing: 22-28 |
10.00am: Setting up Chairperson: Emilie Cros Time keeper: Catharina Gallacher
11.30am – 11.40am: Break
Chairperson: Rachel Oh
12.20pm – 1.30pm: Group feedback
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10.00am: Setting up Chairperson: Wong Jinfa Time keeper: Rohini Rangarajan
11.30am – 11.40am: Break
Chairperson: Seshadri Kadaba Shamanna
12.40pm – 1.30pm: Group feedback
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Symposium II (24 Mar 2014)
Presenting: Groups 15 – 28
Reviewing: Groups 29 – 41
| Parallel Session 1 – Lab 7A (7 groups) Staff in attendance: Amanda Tan, Rohini Rangarajan, Catharina Gallacher, Wong Jinfa | Groups reviewing: 29-34 |
Parallel Session 2 – Lab 7C (7 groups) Staff in attendance: Mr N. Sivasothi, Emilie Cros, Seshadri Kadaba Shamanna, Rachel Oh | Groups reviewing: 36-41 |
10.00am: Setting up Chairperson: Rohini Rangarajan Time keeper: Wong Jinfa
11.30am – 11.40am: Break
Chairperson: Catharina Gallacher
12.40pm – 1.30pm: Group feedback
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10.00am: Setting up Chairperson: Emilie Cros Time keeper: Seshadri Kadaba Shamanna
11.30am – 11.40am: Break
Chairperson: Rachel Oh
12.40pm – 1.30pm: Group feedback
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Symposium III (07 Apr 2014)
Presenting: Groups 29 – 41 and 05
Reviewing: Groups 01 – 14
| Parallel Session 1 – Lab 7A (6 groups) Staff in attendance: Amanda Tan, Wong Jinfa, Seshadri Kadaba Shamanna, Emilie Cros | Groups reviewing: 01-07 |
Parallel Session 2 – Lab 7C (6 groups) Staff in attendance: Mr N. Sivasothi, Rohini Rangarajan, Catharina Gallacher, Rachel Oh | Groups reviewing: 08-14 |
10.00am: Setting up Chairperson: Wong Jinfa Time keeper: Emilie Cros
11.10am – 11.20am: Break Chairperson: Seshadri Kadaba Shamanna
12.20pm – 1.10pm: Group feedback
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10.00am: Setting up Chairperson: Rohini Rangarajan Time keeper: Rachel Oh
11.30am – 11.40am: Break Chairperson: Catharina Gallacher
12.40pm – 1.30pm: Group feedback
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ABSTRACTS
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Symposium I, Parallel Session 1
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10 Mar 2014
Venue: LS Lab 7A
Groups reviewing: 15-21, 05
10.00-10.10am: Preparation and Opening by Chairperson
10.10-10.30am: Group 01 – “Flock Size and Vigilance in Pigeons”
Presented by Sumita Thiagarajan, Tan Chun Hui, Chan Li Yi, Tan Su Lin Jolyn, Anam Hussain
Abstract – Pigeons feed in flocks and according to the ‘many eyes’ theory, this decreases the need to be vigilant due to the dilution effect and thus conserving energy. Our research question thus asks, how does flock size relate to vigilance in pigeons? Our data sampling consists of five second duration videos which are shot at every ten minutes interval. We counted the percentage of vigilant pigeons in the flock and plotted it against flock size over time. We discovered that the percentage of pigeons being vigilant increased as flock size decreased. In conclusion, flock size is a crucial factor used to determine the amount of vigilance required by pigeons.
10.30-10.50am: Group 02 – “What is the foraging behaviour of plantain squirrels?”
Presented by Lee Wei Sheng, Emma Zhang Yuan Jun, Lerae Lim Hwee Ying, Goh Yan Peng, Tan Mei Xin
Abstract -Plantain squirrels (Callosciurus notatus) are diurnal, solitary animals which feed on flowers and fruits. They are found in a variety of habitats in Singapore. In this project, we studied their foraging behaviour. We went to Kent Ridge Park and Hort Park from 12pm to 6pm for two days (8 and 9 February 2014). We observed and filmed the squirrels before analyzing the raw footage to pinpoint patterns of locating, handling and consumption of food, along with their dietary choice. We also kept a lookout for how a squirrel would react to competition (e.g. White-crested Laughing Thrush) and how it kept vigilant throughout the foraging process.
10.50-11.10am: Group 03 – “What is the foraging behaviour of the Plantain Squirrel?“
Presented by Tan Choon Rui, Chua Yoong Kee Andrea, Andy Ng Jun Wei, Luan Ling, Chong Roy
Abstract – In this study, we observe the foraging behaviour of plantain squirrels (Callosciurus notatus) in the Rainforest Area of the Singapore Botanical Gardens. To enable us to track the foraging behaviour of plantain squirrels, we first define foraging as an activity that leads up to the following: smell, taste, eat, dig, pick and gnaw. The methodology adopted for this study involves using binoculars over a short time span whilst taking note of the plantain squirrel’s activity and body posture. Our observations show that there are consistent repeated actions during the plantain squirrel’s foraging activity and their actions interleave with each other depending on the environment. Our analysis further hypothesizes that there is intense competition for food in the area among plantain squirrels. This is due to twitchiness, habituation, eating quickly, foraging in groups, vocalization and the marking of territory.
11.10-11.30am: Group 04 – “White-breasted Waterhen: Foraging on land vs. water”
Presented by – Addie Jamison Schoenberger, Choo Min Er, Lim Hong Wei Kelvin, Lim Wei Cheng, Tay Fann
Abstract – Foraging is vital to the survival of the White-breasted Waterhen, Amaurornis phoenicurus, a bird found commonly in the marshes of Singapore. Successful foraging of the waterhens is in part dependent on the areas they forage in. Comparisons are made between the waterhens’ foraging behavior on land and in water. Specifically, the average number of steps and time taken for the waterhen to reach/eat food between the different areas are compared. The waterhen is observed to take less steps and time to reach/eat food in water. It is concluded that the success of waterhens’ foraging is heightened in water.
11.30-11.40am: BREAK
11.40-12.00pm: Group 06 – “What is the maximum safety distance between an adult and juvenile macaque?”
Presented by Cai Zhixiang, Lew Yun Tong, Seth Chiam, Yew Jing Yuan
Abstract – Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are the most commonly found species of monkey found in Singapore. Our project aims to find the maximum safety distance between an adult and juvenile macaque. Observations of the macaques were done in three different locations within Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, with the duration of each observation spanning approximately thirty minutes. This was done over six mornings between 7:30-9am. A juvenile is defined as a small macaque clinging to a full grown macaque. “Safety distance” is measured from the moment the clinging infant and adult separate from each other, with a maximum distance recorded. The result is an increase in safety distance with an increase in height from ground level (1m on ground and 2m up in the trees). Possible factors determining this increase will be discussed.
12.20-12.40pm: Group 07 – “What consists of aggressive behaviours exhibited in blue-spotted mudskippers?”
Presented by Teh Kai Ling Charlene, Zoeleen Leow Shi Xuan, Ho Junle @ Muhammad Ilham Ho, Blossom Chan Si Ying, Silvia Na Lee
Abstract – Blue-spotted mudskippers (Boleophthalmus boddarti) are amphibious fishes living in muddy environments. Our project centres around the question: What consists of aggressive behaviours exhibited in blue-spotted mudskippers? Behaviour sampling of mudskippers for 3 hours, in Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, was conducted on two days during low tide. From our observations, the blue-spotted mudskippers demonstrate aggressive behaviour by raising dorsal fins, opening mouths, puffing cheeks, engaging in mouth-to-mouth combat and chasing one another. A combination of all or some of the aforementioned behaviours was exhibited by either confrontational and/or indirect interactions among the mudskippers, depending on the type of threat it receives.
12.40-1.30pm: Feedback
1.30pm: End
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Symposium I, Parallel Session 2
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10 Mar 2014
Venue: LS Lab 7C
Groups reviewing: 22-28
10.00-10.10am: Preparation and Opening by Chairperson
10.10-10.30am: Group 08 – “Comparing foraging efficiency between group and solitary hunting in Little Egrets (Egretta garzetta)”
Presented by Felicia Poh Lay Sin, Koh Xin Yun, Teo Chia Hau, Teo Guang Yi Lucas, Teo Kai Xin Pamela
Abstract – Little Egrets (Egretta garzetta) are common waterbirds that could be found in many parts of Singapore where there water is in abundance. In our project we are interested in finding out the difference in foraging efficiency of the little egrets in groups as compared to solitary hunting. A convenient sampling method was deployed to observe the foraging behaviour of little egrets in Sungei Buloh mudflats over a period of 4 days from 7:30am to 9:30am. The striking rate as well as the feeding rate of a single bird was recorded over a 15 minutes observation window. Overall, higher foraging efficiency was observed in large groups, as opposed to solitary hunting under food abundant conditions. However this group advantage ceased when food is scare. The strategic choice of little egrets to deploy flexible foraging strategies under different environmental conditions to permit optimal feeding efficiency will be discussed.
10.30-10.50am: Group 09 – “How do weaver ants carry and transport each other? “
Presented by Phoi Yan Zhen, Fong Jia Qi, Chen Xi, Leung Lai Yin, Chan Jia En.
Abstract -Weaver Ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) often carry each other while walking. We were intrigued by this behavior, and decided to question: How do weaver ants carry and transport each other? Specifically, we were interested in the number of ants usually needed to carry another, the body position of the carried ant, and if there were antennation between the carrier ant and other ants. We conducted our study at Hort Park over 3 days, from 1500-1800h. Our data indicates commonly only 1 ant being needed as the carrier ant, both “straight” and “curled” positions being equally prevalent, and frequent antennation during transportation.
10.50-11.10am: Group 10 – “Does Group Size Affects Javan Myna’s Feeding Success?“
Presented by Chiang Wei Jia Gloria, Choo Xian Hui Athalia, Daryl Lim Jun Ming, Kang Guan Wei, Lim Chin Kai
Abstract – Javan Mynas (Acridotheres javanicus) are a common sight in Singapore, and have succeeded the crow as the most successful invasive avian species. Our group would like to explore if group size is a contributing factor to the species’ feeding success, and hence success in Singapore. Our group adopted the scan sampling method, and collected data by observing the subjects (lone vs in group) between 7-9 am across 6 days; with observation sessions at least 2 minutes long. We tend to focus on the ratio between acts of feeding and acts of vigilance exhibited by lone individuals and individuals within a group. Our results seem to suggest that mynas tend to exhibit more instances of feeding behavior when they are part of a group as opposed to lone individuals which is supported by the much proposed “many eyes” hypothesis.
11.10-11.30am: Group 11 – “Foraging patterns of the White-breasted Waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus) in Japanese Gardens”
Presented by Mohini Denise Rajendram, Wong Mei Yu Cassandra, Ang Shu Wen Vanessa, Lin Jinli Alan, Ng Shi Min, Jasmine
Abstract – White-breasted Waterhens (Amaurornis phoenicurus) are small dark-coloured birds with a clean white face, belly and breast, that feed individually or in groups along waters, in grasslands and near thick vegetative cover, among others. Hence, our research question “where do the Waterhens prefer to forage?” Scan sampling of the waterhens was carried out every 30 minutes in Japanese Gardens on four days between 27th February and 3rd March, in the mornings (8am to 11am) and evenings (4pm to 7pm). We defined “foraging” as repeated pecking on the ground. The results indicated greatest preference for muddy grounds (approximately 35%), with least preference for deep waters (approximately 4%), with certain exceptions. We concluded that environmental and human factors greatly affected their foraging patterns, with the presence of potential threats reducing the amount of time they spent outside tall grass; these factors will be further discussed.
11.30-11.40am: BREAK
11.40-12.00pm: Group 12 – “Foraging Behaviour of Lesser Whistling Ducks in Singapore Botanic Gardens”
Presented by Hon Sui Ming Raymond, Chow Wai Tung, Liang Zhixi, Ong Wee Jian
Abstract – Lesser Whistling Ducks (Dendrocygna javanica) are a resident species of wild ducks that is listed as Endangered (EN) in Singapore. From initial research, this species is known to be nocturnal feeders, but feeding in the day is possible if undisturbed. This project attempts to investigate the foraging behaviour of this gregarious waterfowl in our local environment from the perspective of foraging period, frequency and interference due to other factors. Group and continuous sampling was utilised by the group at the Singapore Botanic Gardens Eco Lake from 7am – 8pm over 6 separate days, from 30th January – 26th February 2014. Data collected includes time spent foraging (on land and in water) and the group size in intervals of 30 minutes over an accumulative duration of 13 hours. The number of Black Swans and White-Breasted Waterhen and the reactions of the Lesser Whistling Ducks to competition are also observed and documented.
12.00-12.20pm: Group 13 – “What is the Grooming Behaviour of Long Tailed Macaques? “
Presented by Monteiro Gary Jonathan, Lee Ser Han Andrew, Yip Shao Ren, Christina Lian Shi, Leanne Tay Hwee Inn
Abstract – Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are small, old-world monkeys and the most ubiquitous primate species in Singapore. Living in groups, they have complex socialization behaviour. For this project, we set out to find what their grooming behaviour is. Scan sampling was undertaken across five troops of macaques found within the central water catchment area for 10 hours across two days. Our results show that grooming mostly initiates spontaneously on the head, with higher frequencies of grooming between females and a longer duration of grooming received by males. Many of our observations concur with existing academic findings about macaque grooming behaviour.
12.20-12.40pm: Group 14 – “What is the activity budget and feeding behaviour of plantain squirrels?”
Presented by Yoong Ya Ting, Hua Xin Yi, Chow Yi An Evonne, Gabriel Pik Liang Marini, Lim Siok Hak Amanda
Abstract -Plantain squirrels (Callosciurus notatus) are a common sight in Singapore. They can be found in various types of habitats and are easily identified by two cream and black stripes on their sides, and an orange belly. The macro focus of our project is on their activity budget while the micro focus is on their dominant behaviours – foraging and feeding. Focal sampling of plantain squirrel feeding was applied at Sungei Buloh, whereby squirrels were sighted and observed until lost. The timings and types of feeding behaviours were then recorded. We found out that plantain squirrels are generally most actively foraging and feeding in the early morning from 7.30am to 10am and late evenings from 5pm to 7pm. Their diet, feeding time and the manner in which they consume food will be discussed in the presentation.
12.40-1.30pm: Feedback
1.30pm: End
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Symposium II, Parallel Session 1
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24 Mar 2014
Venue: LS Lab 7A
Groups reviewing: 29-34
10.00-10.10am: Preparation and Opening by Chairperson
10.10-10.30am: Group 15 – “Do Lesser Whistling Ducks (Dendrocygna javanica) in larger groups display agonistic behavior more frequently?”
Presented by Chong Yi Jing, Lim Khoon Liang, Soh Yu Mi, Teo Tow Hwa Belinda, and Yeo Jing Rui
Abstract – The Lesser-Whistling Ducks (D. javanica) are one of the resident wild ducks in Singapore. Despite being known as a gregarious species, agonistic behavior is often observed amongst these ducks. Agonistic behavior is exhibited by a head-low-and-forward posture, accompanied by chasing and a series of rapid whistling. The frequency of agonistic behavior displayed by different group sizes of Lesser-Whistling Ducks was studied in Singapore Botanic Gardens, Eco Lake. We hypothesized that larger groups display agonistic behaviour more frequently. Continuous sampling as well as modified scan sampling was done to collect data in two three-hour sessions. Contrary to our expectations, analysis of results indicated a negative correlation between group size and frequency of agonistic behavior. However, results from distribution of group sizes also showed a similar trend (in which the number of groups increases as group size decreases), indicating the possibility that the frequency recorded could have been affected by the distribution.
10.30-10.50am: Group 16 – “Reasons behind the raising of the dorsal fins of Gold-Spotted Mudskippers (Periophthalmus chrysospilos)”
Presented by Sagun Agrawal, Evangeline Tan, Ang Wei Yin Ruby, Rachael Ang, Awyong Yun Ting
Abstract – Gold-Spotted Mudskipper (Periophthalmus chrysospilos) are amphibious fish found on various substrates, from mudflats to adjacent sandy beaches. They are 6-13cm in length and are identified by their orange spots on the cheeks and underside of the body. Existing studies mention that they raise their dorsal fins for various reasons and we want to test the validity of these statements. In addition, we wanted to see if the reasons for dorsal fins raising vary when on land or in water. Data collection was conducted at Berlayer Creek of Labrador Nature Reserve during low tides on 7 days (29 Jan -11 Mar 2014). Our results indicated that pairs raise their dorsal fins to exhibit aggression whereas in groups, it was probably due to vigilance.
10.50-11.10am: Group 17 – “Living in the paws of a Plantain squirrel: What is the repertoire of behaviours in their morning?“
Presented by Alicia Chow Jia Hui, Lee Wen Qi, Tan Qian Ning Cynthia, Tan Rui Ling, Zann Sim Jia Li
Abstract – The Plantain squirrel (Callosciurus notatus) displays a wide range of behaviours that change across time. Therefore we asked, what is the repertoire of behaviours in the morning of a Plantain squirrel? We observed them at Clementi Woods Park from 7.30am to 10.30am across 4 days using focal animal sampling. Our data revealed six main behavioural categories – Foraging and consumption, Interaction with conspecifics, Territorial, Grooming, Nesting and Resting. Time spent for each of these six behaviours was recorded and hourly comparisons of these behaviours were made. From 0730 to 0830, the squirrels were more actively foraging. Interaction amongst squirrels was more evident from 0830 to 0930 and at the last hour they spent more time resting. We hypothesized this pattern to be related to weather. Through this study we picked up patterns to also understand how they have successfully adapted to the urban landscapes in Singapore.
11.10-11.30am: Group 18- “Thermoregulatory Behaviour of Malayan Water Monitors”
Presented by Alex Jiao Ziheng, Chen Keru, Nur Isma Nabila Binte Ismail, Sophie Leong Shu Jing, Sherlyn Koh Zhu Ling
Abstract – Malayan water monitors (Varanus salvator) are the largest lizards in Singapore. As a reptile, they are cold blooded and use basking as a means of thermoregulation. In our project, we addressed the question: what is the basking behaviour of water monitors at Sungei Buloh freshwater pond? We observed and recorded their basking behaviour for 3 non-consecutive days at the aforementioned site. Scan sampling of water monitors basking was conducted every 30 minutes from 8am to 4pm. The results indicate basking activity peaks between 10am to 11am. We conclude that water monitors tend not to bask from 11am to 2pm, most probably due to the relatively high temperatures of this period. In addition, we recorded their other daily behaviors including vigilant gesture and territorial protection.
11.30-11.40am: BREAK
11.40-12.00pm: Group 19 – “What is the activity budget of the Malayan Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator)?“
Presented by Han Woan Ni, Melody Michael Lee Min Er, Lim Wen Xi Esther, Fahariah Yeo Bte Noorhisham, Jasmine Lim Wei Yee
Abstract – The Malayan monitor lizard (Varanus salvator) is native to South Asia but can be commonly be found across Asia. We were interested in documenting how the water monitor lizard distributes its time across its daily activities. We engaged in ad libitum sampling, and taking free form notes to familiarize ourselves with the species behavior. We then used focal sampling to observe the behaviors of feeding, basking and tongue flicking behavior, and found that they displayed higher level of activities between 8am to 1.30pm as compared to 5-6.30pm.
12.00-12.20pm: Group 20 – “Comparing the foraging efficiency between small groups, large groups and individuals of little egrets (Egretta garzetta)”
Presented by Cheng Kai Quan, Esme Ling, Hoang Ngoc Thao Linh, J Goutham, Wong Yun Han
Abstract – Little egrets are known to feed either as individuals or in groups. Our group is interested in the foraging efficiency between individuals and groups in terms of steps taken and the success rate. We conducted numerous visits to 2 locations in Sungei buloh between 730 and 930am. By tracing an individual either within a group or alone in 5 minute intervals, we ascertained that individual birds expand more energy in having to walk more and also face a lower success rate then birds in large groups( ≥10 birds) which are in turn less efficient then small groups(<10 birds).
12.20-12.40pm: Group 21 – “Is there a fixed action pattern in brown anole display behaviour?”
Presented by Loo Jin Xiang, Grace Kock Shi Min, Chua Yi Yan Rachel, Angela Lee Si Min, Chiew Jun Siew
Abstract – Brown Anoles (Anolis sagrei) have been introduced to Singapore accompanying the exotic plants brought into Gardens by the Bay. Being an invasive species, they have established themselves well there. Our group would like to determine whether there is a fixed action pattern (FAP) in the brown anole’s display behaviour. We conducted behaviour sampling on a total of 25 anoles from 10am to 2pm for 12 hours over 4 days. We noticed a pattern in the anole’s display behaviour which follows a headbob-dewlap extension-headbob sequence, and termed this pattern a fanbob. Based on the criteria for FAP, we could not establish a key stimulus and found that the fanbob pattern can be interrupted. Thus we conclude that the fanbob is not a fixed action pattern.
12.40-1.30pm: Feedback
1.30pm: End
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Symposium II, Parallel Session 2
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24 Mar 2014
Venue: LS Lab 7C
Groups reviewing: 36-41
10.00-10.10am: Preparation and Opening by Chairperson
10.10-10.30am: Group 22 – “Do red-breasted parakeets face threats in their habitat and do they exhibit defensive mechanisms against them? ”
Presented by Lee Zhen Guang, Ong Liyang Isa, Prakash Philip S/O Kirinaris, P Sanjay Kumar and Vinesh Manoharan..
Abstract – Despite being an introduced species, red-breasted parakeets (Psittacula alexandri) have increasingly become more common in many parts of Singapore due to the pet trade. We questioned if they face threats and whether defensive mechanisms are exhibited, with the primary threat identified as the Tanimbar Corella or cockatoo (Cacatua goffiniana). We observed four Angsana trees along Changi Village Road and counted the number of retreats by the red-breasted parakeets out of the total cockatoo occurrences. Total retreats (24 out of 27 occurrences) supported the hypothesis that the parakeets do indeed face threats (cockatoo). Duration of parakeet emergence and duration of neighbouring parakeet vocalisation was recorded and showed a positive linear correlation, supporting that they do exhibit defensive mechanisms in the form of warning signals.
10.30-10.50am: Group 23 – “Optimal Feeding Time of the White-breasted Waterhen”
Presented by Mak Wai Yee Reginia, Tan Sheng Ling, Givon Lim Jing Wen, Tan Hui Ling Cassandra, Peh Jia Hui
Abstract – White-breasted Waterhens (Amaurornis phoenicurus) spend most of their time foraging. Thus, we want to find out their optimal feeding time. We conducted our study at Singapore Botanical Gardens mudflats, over three days at different periods (morning, afternoon and evening). We observed the number of pecks made to the ground in 30 seconds sets and did not distinguish between successful and unsuccessful foraging. The results showed that the number of pecks was significantly higher in the morning than afternoon and evening. Increased prey abundance in the morning, their roosting behaviour and other external factors like competition, may account for such results.
10.50-11.10am: Group 24 – “What is the nature of the vertical wave of the male Porcelain fiddler crab at Pasir Ris Park mangrove swamp?“
Presented by Li Jia’En, Nicholette, Tan Chun How, Kester Tan Jia Wee, Chong Jia Wei, Ng Shi Ting.
Abstract – Porcelain fiddler crab (Uca annulipes) are fiddler crabs that are commonly known to communicate via different forms of claw waving. Just like humans, “dialects” are also found in fiddler crabs. Hence, we decided to investigate on one type of waving, the vertical wave, asking ourselves “what is the nature of the vertical wave of the male Porcelain Fiddler Crab at Pasir Ris Park mangrove swamp?”. Cluster sampling of 55 fiddler crabs was conducted in Pasir Ris Park mangrove swamp over two mornings and two evenings (29 January – 23 February). We documented observations before, during and after vertical waves were performed, and noted that 85.4% of the crabs which the vertical wave is targeted at retreated. Chi-squared test at 99% confidence level was further used to show that the results were not due to chance. Thus, this leads us to conclude that vertical wave is an aggressive behaviour.
11.10-11.30am: Group 25 – “Malayan Water Monitor Lizards – Tongue flicking”
Presented by Tay Zhong Lin Rosalind, Jamaica Tan Pei Ying, Charlene Chan Rui Yin and Tan Cui Lin Eunice
Abstract – Malayan Water Monitor Lizards (Varanus salvator) is one of the largest species among monitor lizards which is commonly found in Asia. In this project we asked, does frequency of tongue flicking differ in different terrains (i.e. land and water)? Spot sampling of lizards (n=16) was conducted at Chinese Garden pond from 7am to 11am for two days. Frequency of tongue flicks per 30 seconds was recorded and tabulated. The results indicated higher frequency of tongue flicks in water than on land. This supports the argument that the lizard’s tongue is used as sensory organ to obtain information from their surroundings.
11.30-11.40am: BREAK
11.40-12.00pm: Group 26 – “300: Rise of an Empire“
Presented by Choy Yong Wei Donovon, Chin Yong Wei, Ong Jieli, Dean Pang Chong Wei and Loh Wai Hong, Andric.
Abstract – Weaver Ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) are widely found in Singapore and are known to be territorially aggressive towards conspecifics. We hypothesize that – (1) presence of black ants, and (2) distance from nest to site of conflict, are both positively correlated to weaver ants aggression. Spot sampling was done in a specified area via video recording spanning 5 minutes each, followed by retrospective coding of aggressive acts. The results [r1(9) = .98, p < .01; r2(9) = .99, p < .01] support our hypotheses, suggesting that weaver ants exhibit territorial aggression. Additional interesting observations are discussed.
12.00-12.20pm: Group 27 – “Mutual Preening among Lesser Whistling Ducks”
Presented by Victoria Poh Wan Ting, Lyu Shuang, Liu Zhuoran, Neo Sze Ying, Koh Kian Sin
Abstract – Lesser Whistling Ducks (Dendrocygna javanica) are chestnut brown ducks which are dwindling in numbers in Singapore. We investigated their preening behavior, in particular, does mutual preening occur? If it does, is there a marked difference between the frequency of self-preening and mutual preening? We observed the occurrences of preening from 7-10am to 4-8pm over two days. Data was collected in five-minute periods from every quarter of the hour. Our results reveal that mutual preening occurs, but very infrequently. The average number of self-preening (10.8) strongly outnumbers that of mutual preening (0.2). Nonetheless, the relative absence of mutual preening can possibly be attributed to a lesser need for feather maintenance in hard-to-reach places and parasite removal. Other interesting observations, such as the possible relationship between preening frequency and time of the day, will also be discussed.
12.20-12.40pm: Group 28 – “Preening Frequency in Feral Pigeons”
Presented by Cedric Ansley Chin Shen Wang, Foo Wenlin Carolyn, Kenson Tan Kian Seng, Liew Jia Zheng Alex, Peh Shao Hong
Abstract – The feral pigeon (Columba livia) is a common sight in many cities, Singapore included. It has been a long standing myth that pigeons are extremely dirty and thus transmit diseases. An observation of pigeons will show that they engage in regular preening, considered a ‘comfort behaviour’ in birds (Delius, 1988).
We examine the pigeons in the Singapore Botanical Gardens in order to determine the distribution of preening on different parts of the body as well as the average frequencies of preening activities. We then proceed to examine if preening frequency changes after being interrupted by external factors such as the humans providing food.
12.40-1.30pm: Feedback
1.30pm: End
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Symposium III, Parallel Session 1
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07 Apr 2014
Venue: LS Lab 7A
Groups reviewing: 01-07
10.00-10.10am: Preparation and Opening by Chairperson
10.10-10.30am: Group 29 – “What is the foraging behaviour of sand bubbler crabs (Scopimera spp.)? ”
Presented by Lin Xuehu, Tan Puay Hong Hannah, Edward See Zhuo Zhen, Chen Junyi Daniel, Lee Tze Ming Theodore. .
Abstract – Sand bubbler crabs (Scopimera spp.) are present on sandy and muddy shores of Singapore. This study focuses on the population of crabs at Changi Beach Site 4. Feeding mainly on detritus present during low tide, these crabs form small balls and pellets of sand. Observational studies of crabs were conducted to determine the formation of different sized sand pellets, as well as observing the way radial patterns develop. This study will further discuss observed behavioural aspects that may lead to the enhanced survivability of crabs during the limited foraging period.
10.30-10.50am: Group 30 – ‘How does the Episesarma versicolor climb trees?”
Presented by Lee Hung Yi, Lim Sze Hui, Lim Xiang Yang, Lim Shiyi
Abstract -The Episesarma versicolor is a key decomposer in mangroves’ ecosystem; keeping energy circulating within the mangroves, hence our focus on them. Our main research question is, “How does the Episesarma versicolor climb trees?” Using behaviour sampling, we went down to Sungei Buloh over three days and fourteen hours and recorded the climbing patterns of crabs on two specific tree types; Rhizophora apiculata and Aviceinna rumphiana. Three distinct climbing patterns were observed; forwards, sideways and backwards up the tree. Mixed climbing patterns were occassionally observed too. Our results were that forward and sideways were the dominant climbing patterns across both trees. Due to limited existing literature on the climbing patterns of these specific species, we relied mostly on our field obervations and concluded that various factors explained for such climbing patterns; the perimeter range of their eyes, inclination of trees and their climbing or burrowing habits.
10.50-11.10am: Group 31 – “How do nesting grey herons allocate their time?“
Presented by Athena Yu Yan Miao, Rachelle Rebekah Chan Ruizhao, Seow Wei Liang, Leow Peng Quan, Kee Yong Jun
Abstract -Time allocation in breeding grey herons (Ardea cinerea) remain a gap in literature, especially for Singapore’s population that has adapted to an urban environment. To fill this gap, an activity budget was carried out to determine levels and types of activity for breeding grey herons. Data was collected using behaviour sampling. Observations of a heronry were done in the morning, at two locations near Sungei Tampines. The heronry consisted of an estimate of 28 nests. Results showed a peak in activity levels after dawn, followed by a decrease nearing noon. Grey herons spent the highest proportion of time engaging in feeding and social interactions. A smaller proportion of time was spent on nesting behaviour. The herons engaged most rarely in aggression and nest defence. Our study shows support for a common trend in activity levels for birds. Nesting grey heron activity levels are possibly associated with time.
11.10-11.20am: BREAK
11.20-11.40pm: Group 32 – “What Does the Dorsal Fin Say?”
Presented by Raymond Cheng Wah Mun, Kuek Kiang Kuang, Yong Jia Jie, Choo Yi Ming, Chan Ao Wei, Oswell
Abstract – This study aims to examine the motivations behind the raising of the dorsal fin of the Giant Mudskipper, Periophthalmodon schlosseri. We hypothesized that the raising of dorsal fins have ties to aggression. The study was carried out by recording observations with a modified version of behaviour sampling. We observed multiple individuals over extended periods of time, taking into account the events before the raising of the dorsal fin, and after. These observations were then compiled to allow us to associate the action with the stimuli, and to better eliminate outliers. From the study, we found that there are other behaviours related to the raising of the dorsal fins. Examples of these behaviours include, mating-related behaviour and traversal over terrain. We conclude that the dorsal fins perform multiple functions, and is not only limited to displaying aggression.
11.40-12.00pm: Group 33 – “What is the foraging behaviour of milky storks?”
Presented by Tan Yi Yang, Lee Rui Kang, Lai Zixin, Siti Khairunnisa Bte Zulkifle, Huynh Kim Ngan.
Abstract – The milky stork, Mycteria cinerea, is a large endangered wading bird that is introduced in Singapore. Our project aims to learn about their foraging behaviour by examining the hunting techniques employed. We adopted a focal animal sampling approach and conducted our observations in 4 separate sessions from 0800-1030 and 1700-1930 at the Japanese Gardens in Jurong Lake. Binoculars and a video camera were used to catalogue the storks’ behaviour while foraging. Our findings showed that the milky stork hunts with a wide repertoire of techniques that could be broadly divided into visual searching and passive or active tactolocation. A further analysis of our data revealed that the milky stork forages primarily through tactile means, supplemented by bouts of visual searching.
12.00-12.20pm: Group 34 – “What are the common calls of Collared Kingfisher and what do their calls mean?”
Presented by Koh Poh Chiat, Antonius Christian Wijaya, Chong Yun Long, Thian Chang Yi Benjamin, Tan Swee Khoon
Abstract – Collared Kingfishers (Todiramphus chloris) are resident kingfishers commonly found in Singapore and these territorial birds have a repertoire of calls characterized as loud, harsh and metallic. In this project, we ask what are the common calls and the meaning of these calls. We performed focal sampling on a pair of kingfishers at NUS Lovers Park between 8 am and 11am, over a cumulative period of 12 hours. Common actions such as perching, hunting, flights and calls were logged using a customized Android application. Our results reveal patterns for the type of actions which occurs before and after 4 different types of calls, namely rolling (after flight), continuous (after flight/hunt), rhythmic (before partner flight, response to mate calls) and cackles (before pair flight) calls. From these patterns, we conclude that each call serves a different function(s) such as flight coordination, contact and warning.
12.20-1.10pm: Feedback
1.10pm: End
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Symposium III, Parallel Session 2
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07 Apr 2014
Venue: LS Lab 7C
Groups reviewing: 08-14
10.00-10.10am: Preparation and Opening by Chairperson
10.10-10.30am: Group 36 – “Comparison between feeding methods of larger birds (>90cm) and smaller birds (<90cm)”
Presented by Sng Kai Xian Michelle, Qiu Pengshu Ivan, Lim Zhi Guang Lester, Quek Hui Ting Genevieve, Thian Jiahui.
Abstract – Our project compares the feeding methods of larger birds and smaller birds, namely the Great Egret and Grey Heron against the Little Egret. The observations were conducted at Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve over a period of three consecutive Saturday mornings from 7.30am to 10.30am. Based on an ethogram obtained from an article by Kushlan, J, we observed three feeding methods: “Stand and Wait”, “Walk Slowly” and “Plunging”. The most frequent method of feeding was “Plunging” for large birds and “Walk Slowly” for small birds respectively. Through our analysis, we observed that differences in feeding methods arise due to differences in diet.
10.30-10.50am: Group 37 – “Inter-Tidal Behaviors of Periophthalmodon schlosseri“
Presented by Wong Yong Xuan Joel, Janell Kuan Sook Yeen, Chua Rui Zhe Alvin, Iris Tan Ai Li, Dyllis Teo
Abstract – Periophthalmodon schlosseri, the Giant Mudskipper, is one of the biggest mudskippers in the world, and they can be found dominating the mudflats in mangroves. They have special adaptations to help them dominate this habitat which lies along the inter-tidal zone. Our data showed that the mudskippers were more active at low tide as compared to high tides. We analyzed their activity level based on 3 factors in relation to the tide level: Nest building, Feeding, and Territorial Behavior. In conclusion, behavioral activities of the Periophthalmodon schlosseri are closely affected by tide levels generally.
10.50-11.10am: Group 38 – “Tree-climbing behavior of mangrove crabs Episesarma spp. and correlation with vegetation density“
Presented by Wong Zheng Hao Samuel, Ngan Zhe Ching, Woo Jia Min, Thai Tian Si Tessa, Wu Bingkang
Abstract – This study aims to investigate the tree-climbing behavior of burrowing mangrove crabs Episesarma spp. and its correlation with vegetation density in Pasir Ris mangroves. Preliminary findings indicate that variations in climbing behaviour could be linked to the type of vegetation predominantly found in mangroves. Results from surveys conducted under different tidal and temporal conditions suggest a positive correlation between vegetation density and abundance of crabs. This implies that crab activity could also be affected by vegetation structure. It was hypothesized that contributing factors to the observed phenomena may include predator avoidance, temperature regulation and nutrition. More importantly, findings from this study can complement prior research on the niche preferences of crabs and serve as baseline data for future work.
11.10-11.30am: Group 05 – “Where do Little Egrets (Egretta garzetta) prefer to forage: mudflats or riverbanks?”
Presented by Tan Pak Kee Kenneth, Soh Hwa Jie, Solomon Heng Chiang Joo, Tan Yan Fei Shalyn, Dana Montana Jeter
Abstract – Little Egrets (Egretta garzetta) are migratory birds that frequent tidal mudflats, freshwater and saltwater wetlands and mangroves. In Singapore, they can be spotted at Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve between September and April. Their diet consists of fish, molluscs, insects, and worms, which are in abundance in the reserve. Our group decided to observe the foraging preference of the Little Egrets between two habitats: mudflats and riverbanks. ‘Foraging’ refers to the behavior required to stalk, catch, manipulate, and eat prey. We explored the egrets’ preference for either habitat by observing them at two low tide periods – dawn and dusk – and broke up the observation period into smaller time frames where the Little Egrets were observed at five-minute intervals. We found that approximately 90% of the Little Egrets observed preferred foraging by riverbanks to mudflats. Our group suggests that this could be due to reasons such as prey abundance.
11.30-11.40am: BREAK
11.40-12.00pm: Group 39 – “Determination of the Hierarchy within a group of Long Tailed Macaques”
Presented by Woon Bao Sheng, Foo Su Yun, Daniel Choo Yue Hern, Aaron Ryu Ng
Abstract – Long tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are commonly seen as agricultural pests and sacred animals in some temples. They live in matrilineal social groups with a female dominance hierarchy, and male members leave the group when they reach puberty.
We aim to investigate the hierarchy of a group of macaques through their displayed behaviour and assertion over each other. The behaviours to observe are grooming, eating, mating, resting boundaries, teeth barring and kidnapping. The observations were conducted from 9am to 1230pm on 3 separate occasion in Macritchie Reservoir.
The results of their behaviours enabled us to hypothesize the dominant males( Alpha, Beta, Gamma) and dominant female group alongside submissive female groups. This was done by comparing their behaviours to those published research papers on macaques.
12.00-12.20pm: Group 40 – “Effect of Group Size on Foraging Time of Spotted-necked Doves”
Presented by Samantha Pay Xing’er, Tay Hui Qian Michelle, Teo Qiu Han Chrystal, Teo Yin Chen Jane, Yeo Qi Wei Jocelyn
Abstract – Spotted-necked doves (Streptopelia chinensis), are characterized by their distinct spotted necks and brown feathers. In this project, we will discuss if group size affects the time taken for foraging.
Using focal animal sampling, groups of doves and monogamous doves were observed over a course of 4 days and the time they took to forage within a minute was calculated.
A comparison was made in terms of the time taken in which their heads were looking down towards the ground in the 2 different groups
Through our observations and calculations, we concluded that they tend to spend a longer time foraging when they are in a group and this can be explained using the theory of ‘corporate vigilance’. In conclusion, when they are in a group, they can afford to be less vigilant since this responsibility is shared among them and they are able to spend more time on foraging.
12.20-12.40pm: Group 41 – “Behavioural differences exhibited by Nephila pilipes towards prey and non-prey on its web.”
Presented by Kong Li Ying, Seow Jen In, Tan Yibing Alison, Lee Han Ni, Nicholas Kor Kong Lim.
Abstract – Female Nephila pilipes, coated in yellow and black, is one of the largest spider species. We investigated the behavioural differences exhibited when prey and non-prey land on the web, with five different spiders sampled over three hours on three days. Quantitative data was observed and collected, reflecting the frequency of the various approaches exhibited. Our results suggest that spider will approach all prey (14/14 times), but not as much towards non-prey (17/25 times). Therefore, our hypothesis that it will respond to prey all the time is supported, but does not ignore non-prey completely, unlike what we had proposed.
12.20-1.10pm: Feedback
1.10pm: End