ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SYMPOSIUM 2015
Symposium I (23 March 2015, 10:00am to 2:00pm)
Presenting-cum-reviewing: Groups 01 – 10, 21 – 30
| AM Session | |
| LS Lab 7A | LS Lab 7C |
| Chairperson: Gavan LeongTimekeeper: Randolph QuekOther staff present: N. Sivasothi, Joys Tan
1000 – 1010: Opening by Chairperson 1010 – 1030: Group 01 1030 – 1050: Group 02 1050 – 1110: Group 03 1110 – 1130: Group 04 1130 – 1150: Group 05 |
Chairperson: Lai Chui TingTimekeeper: Bilgenur Baloglu,Other staff present: Joys Tan, Xu Weiting
1000 – 1010: Opening by Chairperson 1010 – 1030: Group 06 1030 – 1050: Group 07 1050 – 1110: Group 08 1110 – 1130: Group 09 1130 – 1150: Group 10 |
| PM Session | |
| LS Lab 7A | LS Lab 7C |
| Chairperson: Randolph QuekTimekeeper: Gavan LeongOther staff present: N. Sivasothi, Joys Tan
1200 – 1210: Opening by Chairperson 1210 – 1230: Group 21 1230 – 1250: Group 22 1250 – 1310: Group 23 1310 – 1330: Group 24 1330 – 1350: Group 25 |
Chairperson: Xu WeitingTimekeeper: Lai Chui TingOther staff present: Joys Tan, Bilgenur Baloglu
1200 – 1210: Opening by Chairperson 1210 – 1230: Group 26 1230 – 1250: Group 27 1250 – 1310: Group 28 1310 – 1330: Group 29 1330 – 1350: Group 30 |
Symposium II (6 April 2015, 10:00am to 2:00pm)
Presenting-cum-reviewing: Groups 11 – 20, 31 – 40
| AM Session | |
| LS Lab 7A | LS Lab 7C |
| Chairperson: Bilgenur BalogluTimekeeper: Joys TanOther staff present: N. Sivasothi, Randolph Quek
1000 – 1010: Opening by Chairperson 1010 – 1030: Group 11 1030 – 1050: Group 12 1050 – 1110: Group 13 1110 – 1130: Group 14 1130 – 1150: Group 15 |
Chairperson: Xu WeitingTimekeeper: Gavan LeongOther staff present: Lai Chui Ting, Randolph Quek
1000 – 1010: Opening by Chairperson 1010 – 1030: Group 16 1030 – 1050: Group 17 1050 – 1110: Group 18 1110 – 1130: Group 19
|
| PM Session | |
| LS Lab 7A | LS Lab 7C |
| Chairperson: Joys TanTimekeeper: Bilgenur BalogluOther staff present: N. Sivasothi, Randolph Quek
1200 – 1210: Opening by Chairperson 1210 – 1230: Group 31 1230 – 1250: Group 32 1250 – 1310: Group 33 1310 – 1330: Group 34 1330 – 1350: Group 35 |
Chairperson: Lai Chui TingTimekeeper: Gavan LeongOther staff present: Randolph Quek, Xu Weiting
1200 – 1210: Opening by Chairperson 1210 – 1230: Group 36 1230 – 1250: Group 37 1250 – 1310: Group 38 1310 – 1330: Group 39 1330 – 1350: Group 40 |
ABSTRACTS
——————————
Symposium I
23 March 2015
Lab 7A (AM Session)
——————————
1010 – 1030: Group 01
Oecophylla smaragdina (Weaver Ants) activity variation in day
Presented by: Tam Chun Yin, Yan Min Jia, Chan Hiu Gwan, Low Rui Jun, Sim Bei Ling
Abstract – Weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) weave their nest in trees and can be found in parts of Southeast Asia and Australia. In this project, we investigate the activity variation of the ants throughout the day. We assume in our project that a higher number of ants entering and leaving the nest reflects a higher level of activeness. Our observations were conducted with different ant colonies with 2 nest at Kent Ridge and 1 at Tampines. We adopted scan sampling method to observe the number of ants entering and leaving the nest for 5 minutes at 8am, 12pm, 4pm, 8pm over 5 days. Results indicated that weaver ants are more active at 4pm and 8pm than 8am and 12pm. Contributing factors (e.g. temperature) to such behaviors will also be discussed.
1030 – 1050: Group 02
Does the male Uca annulipes wave their enlarged claw more frequently in the presence of other males?
Presented by: Nur Huda Binte Abdul Aleem, Ng Xiao Hui, Yeo Hui Hsien Amelia, Ang Wei Xiang
Abstract – Claw-waving in male fiddler crabs serves many functions. In Uca annulipes, claw-waving was found to be associated with mate attraction, and increases in frequency in presence of other males. Studies on other species found other functions for claw-waving. Hence, this study proposes that the function of claw-waving in Uca annulipes serves more than mating, and hypothesizes that male Uca annulipes wave their enlarged claw more frequently in presence of other males. It was found that within time periods of 30 seconds, focal males wave more in presence of females within a 1m2 quadrat. However, a positive correlation of r=.76 (p < .01) between the number of waves and the number of males in absence of any females was also found, suggesting that claw-waving is associated to other functions.
1050 – 1110: Group 03
Comparing relative frequency of feeding techniques of Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) between mudflats and sandy streams of Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve.
Presented by: Goh Wei Zong, Foo Sheng Kai Elston, Hannah Koh Yih Yun, Ng Li Yang, Yeo Xiang Hao Kelvin
Abstract – Little Egrets (Egretta garzetta) are wading birds that forage frequently in mangrove habitats. In this project, we compared the frequency of five feeding techniques used by Little Egrets between two mangrove microhabitats in Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserves (SBWR). The frequency of five foraging techniques (Stand and Wait, Walk Slowly, Walk Quickly, Wing Flick and Foot Shuffling) used were recorded using 3-min focal animal samples from 0700 hrs to 1200 hrs at two different SBWR microhabitats. Observations revealed frequencies of feeding techniques differed in the two microhabitats, with foot shuffling and walking slowly more commonly employed in mudflats and sandy stream respectively. Possible factors influencing preferences for feeding techniques in different microhabitats will be discussed.
1110 – 1130: Group 04
Flick-Off!: The Amaurornis phoenicurus’ tail-flicking behaviour’s relation to the presence of other animals
Presented by: Wee Hui Wen Kimberly, Teo Qun Xuan Nigel, Tan Jie Ning, Damien Wong Li Jian
Abstract – White breasted waterhens (Amaurornis phoenicurus) tail-flick to reveal a rust colored undertail covert. We investigated if there was a correlation between tail-flicking and the number of other animals around the waterhen at the Ecolake at Singapore Botanic Gardens. Focal sampling was conducted in the morning and evening during foraging, where the number of tail-flicks by a single waterhen was counted in two-minute intervals. Results show that tail-flicking increased as the number of other animals around the waterhen increased: Waterhens alone (32.8 tail-flicks/interval) tail-flicked less than in the presence of other animals (~53.7 tail-flicks/interval, where n > 1). Other variables such as the environment and presence of conspecifics affected tail-flicking behaviour, which will be further discussed.
1130 – 1150: Group 05
Do social grooming behaviour differ between juvenile and adult Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis)?
Presented by: Teo Yi Fang Sheryl, Michelle Fong Jing Ting, Fredrick Timotius, Nur Azura Binte Zakariah, Saw Zhen Ling
Abstract – Native to Singapore, Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are commonly found dwelling in the fringes of rainforest nature reserves. Being social animals, they live in groups and thus social grooming is important in regulating social living. Our project investigates the frequency of reciprocated grooming amongst various age classes. All occurrence sampling were implemented on the social grooming behavior of the MacRitchie Reservoir Park’s Prunus Trail troop over 90-minutes period from 0815hrs to 0945hrs on 3 separate occasions. Juveniles and adults are differentiated from their physical characteristics. Observations whereby the ‘groomed’ grooms the ‘groomer’ within 4 minutes after the completion of the initial grooming was counted as reciprocated grooming. Results indicate frequency of reciprocated grooming were higher when adults were the ‘groomed’ (>20%) than when juvenile were the ‘groomed’ (<10%). We hypothesized this could be due to reciprocated grooming benefiting adults more than juveniles with respect to social bond formation and maintenance.
——————————
Symposium I
23 March 2015
Lab 7C (AM Session)
——————————
1010 – 1030: Group 06
Tailing the Tail: The Tale behind the Squirrel’s Tail – How do different behavioural states affect the frequency of tail movements in the Plantain Squirrel (Callosciurus notatus)?
Presented by: Li Xiaoqi Bess, Jasmine Lim Li Ling, Charlene Chin Xin Ping, Chan Xiu Yi, Doreen Lim Chiu Yue
Abstract – The Plantain Squirrel (Callosciurus notatus) is the most common type of squirrel in Singapore and can be found in a variety of habitats. Their tails appear to serve a wide range of functions that are exhibited mainly through tail flicks (>90°) and twitches (<90°). Our group investigated how different behavioural states affected the frequency of tail movements. The methodology involves the use of binoculars and video cameras to observe and record their tail movements during the respective behavioural states. Focal sampling was employed to locate and follow a particular squirrel at Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve for 3 days from 7.30am to 12.30pm, followed by all-occurrence sampling to count all the tail movements that occurred within 2 minutes. The average number of tail movements per minute for each behavioural state was calculated. From our results, frequency is highest during travelling and foraging and we will endeavour to explain why.
1030 – 1050: Group 07
Are dominant behaviors of the Red Junglefowl related to their group structure?
Presented by: Tan Yu Ting Angeline, Gerard Christopher Yeo Zheng Jie, Phyllis Guo Yuen Hong, Noparat Wei Qiang Gabriel, Alyssa Ang
Abstract – Red Junglefowls (Gallus gallus), which reside in flocks, are the ancestors of the domestic chicken. In this project, we investigated whether dominant behaviors of the Gallus gallus are related to their group structure. All occurrence sampling of dominant behaviors was conducted at an open grass patch along Sin Ming Avenue, where the number of wingflaps and crows per fowl was recorded every 10 minutes from 0700 hrs to 1000 hrs for five days (24-28 February 2015). Additionally, scan sampling was used to observe other secondary characteristics such as, group formations. The results indicated that dominant males crow and flap more often. Four different formations – linear, core-periphery, triangular and solitary – in relation to dominant males were also observed. Furthermore, the triggers and outcomes of these dominant behaviors were also discussed. The project therefore, portrays how dominant behaviors help males to maintain their positions within the different social structures.
1050 – 1110: Group 08
How does the size of tree-climbing crabs (Episesarma spp.) affect aggressive behaviour?
Presented by: Au Yong Shi Lin, Loh Jia Hui, Gong Yuan, Poh Wee Kang, Mervyn Sim Geng Hua
Abstract – Tree climbing crabs (Episesarma spp.) exhibit aggressive and avoidance behaviour during mutual encounters. Our project aims to investigate how crab sizes affect their aggressive behaviour. All occurrence sampling was conducted on 3 species of tree climbing crabs, the Singapore vinegar crab (E. singaporense), Pink-fingered vinegar crab (E. chengtongense) and Violet vinegar crab (E. versicolor), over two days from 0730 hrs to 1430 hrs at the Mangrove Boardwalk in Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. Each display of aggressive (shield posturing, vigorous display and engaging of pincers) and avoidance behaviour observed was tabulated. Results indicate larger crabs are more likely to engage in aggressive behaviour while smaller crabs are more likely to avoid. Such frequencies of aggression is seen to be an evolved social behaviour to maximise benefit (reserve energy for other essential activities) and minimise costs (injury).
1110 – 1130: Group 09
How does the Episesarma versicolor (Violet vinegar crab) respond to changing tide levels?
Presented by: Woon Siew Yan, Eunice Lim Yichun, Jasmine Toh Shuyan, Jael Tan Shi Yun, Teo Wen Fei
Abstract – Violet-vinegar crabs (Episesarma versicolor) are tree-climbing crabs typically found in mangroves, which climb trees during high tide. In our study, the effects of tide levels on the number of crabs on trees at Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve (SBWR), and the height at which they climbed were investigated. Using occurrence sampling, the crabs were observed at fifteen 15-min intervals during spring tide, neap tide and the period in-between over the span of three days. Our results show that during neap tide, the crabs did not climb the trees at all, while at spring tide, the crabs climbed the trees as the tide rose, tending to settle near the waterline (55% of them between 0 – 0.3m versus 5% between 0.7 – 1.0m from the waterline). It was concluded that the level of interaction between these crabs increased during neap tide due to space competition and avoidance behavior will also be discussed.
1130 – 1150: Group 10
What is the preferable foraging patterns of white-breasted waterhens?
Presented by: Ashley Rita Wong Kai Lin, Choo Siew Wai, Christina Joann Smith, Han Ee Jiog Althea, Ho Zhen Hong
Abstract – White-breasted waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus) is a common rail species in Singapore inhabiting a range of wetland habitats with surrounding undergrowth. They forage in the open, individually or in groups, along the edge of ponds, grasslands and marshes. The act of foraging is defined as repeated pecking on the ground or water. As foraging is crucial for the waterhens’ survival, our project investigated the preferable foraging location of the white-breasted waterhens in order to understand what conditions are most conducive for foraging. Focal sampling was conducted at Botanic Gardens and Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park for data collection from 0800-1000hrs for two days. Also, all occurrence sampling was also used to record their preferences for foraging alone or in groups. The results indicated approximately equal and strong preferences for both muddy/wet land, and weak preference for shallow pond area. We concluded that muddy/wetland and dryland are most preferable for foraging.
——————————
Symposium I
23 March 2015
Lab 7A (PM Session)
——————————
1210 – 1230: Group 21
Are adult grey herons (Ardea cinerea) at Pasir Ris Park more efficient than juveniles in foraging?
Presented by: Alvin Tan Zhi Hao, Poh Zan Xi, Ang Ann Nee, Seah Hwee Joo, Gabrielle Yeo Mang Li
Abstract – Grey Herons (Ardea cinerea) are the largest birds in Singapore, often observed foraging near water bodies during low tides. Our study aims to investigate whether adult herons have higher foraging efficiency than juveniles at Pasir Ris Park. All occurrence sampling was employed during five two-hour observation sessions, where total pecks, prey capture success (determined by swallowing action) and failure were documented. Observational findings indicate herons exhibit three foraging postures (standing, stalking, crouching), and analysis revealed adult grey herons have a higher foraging efficiency than juveniles (21% versus 12%). Therefore, a positive correlation exists between age and successful prey capture.
1230 – 1250: Group 22
Do Giant Mudskippers keep themselves moist more often under the sun?
Presented by: Edna Chew Boon Yeen, Leong Kah Ho, Leung Shing Fung, Lim Shao Hong, Toh Qi Hui
Abstract – Giant mudskippers (Periophthalmodon schlosseri) are the largest mudskippers in Sungei Buloh and they are able to breathe on land through their skin when it is moist. In this project, we investigated whether they keep themselves moist more often in the sun or under shade. Behaviours to keep themselves moist include flipping onto their backs and submerging themselves in water. All occurrence and scan sampling were conducted to measure the frequency of flipping behaviour and percentage of time spent submerged in water respectively. Results gathered from 14 samples across three days indicated higher flipping frequency (5.20/h/mudskipper vs 1.90/h/mudskipper) and percentage of time submerged in water (83% vs 75%) for mudskippers in the sun. As sun exposure reduces skin moisture more rapidly, our findings suggest that mudskippers in the sun display such behaviours more frequently to keep their skin moist so they can breathe on land.
1250 – 1310: Group 23
Differences in foraging behaviour of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) on land and in mangrove river?
Presented by: Tan Rongshun, Pang Yong He, Yeo Quan Yang, Ang Ming Yi, Esmond Peh Kai Yi
Abstract – The long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are successful primate species living in matrilineal social groups and commonly found in Singapore. In this project, we investigate the difference in behavior when the macaques obtain foods on land and Mangrove River. The survey is conducted at Admiralty Park, as it contains the last known troop in mainland Singapore inhabitant back mangrove. Ad libitum sampling was conducted to observe the behaviors exhibited on land and mangrove river. In addition, focal sampling of selected individuals foraging, spanning over several sessions throughout the week, was conducted for 3 minute per individual in 3 hour intervals (0900-1200 and 1500-1800), to obtain the differences in foraging steps. The result shows that the long-tailed macaques exhibit differences in foraging behaviour. Assuming that there are enough foods in the area, the steps taken to obtain food are comparably different.
1310 – 1330: Group 24
What is the effect of group size of wild red jungle fowls (Gallus gallus) on feeding rates?
Presented by: Cheong Ling Li, Nadia Binte Mohd Noor, Sim Jo Ann, Tong Yu Min Queeny, Lee Si Hui Joey
Abstract – Red jungle fowls (Gallus gallus) are wild chickens which feed in groups on grass patches. In this project, we investigated the effect of group size on feeding rates at 1 Sin Ming Ave. Observations were conducted for 3 days (18, 28 February and 7 March 2015) from 0700 to 1000. All occurrence sampling on a focal jungle fowl (n=24) was used to measure pecking rate every minute. Every peck made on the ground or at tall grasses was counted as feeding. Results indicate that feeding rates increase with group size. This is due to the decrease in vigilance per individual and the increase in competition for a common food source. Other observations affecting feeding rates such as territorial behaviour will also be discussed.
1330 – 1350: Group 25
Tanimbar Corella’s interspecific competition for nest sites with red-breasted parakeet.
Presented by: Tan Kang Ning, Jeslyn Keng Zi Yan, Chan Wan Qing, Kenny Yeo Jian Long, Koh Suh Yon
Abstract – Tanimbar Corella (Cacatua goffiniana) are white cockatoos commonly found in Singapore. We investigated types of competitive behaviors shown by Tanimbar Corellas effective in securing their nest-holes against Red-breasted Parakeets (Psittacula alexandri). The importance of nest-holes and intense competition for them were studied. Fieldtrips to Changi Village in the morning were done to record the types and frequency of competitive behaviours exhibited by Tanimbar Corellas using all occurrence sampling. The results, based on number of successful attempts to chase Parakeets out of hole, indicate that flying to chase parakeets away was the most effective competitive behaviour compared to perching, screeching, or fluffing their feathers. We conclude that prevention is better than cure. The most effective way to secure nest holes is to fly and chase Parakeets away before they occupy it.
——————————
Symposium I
23 March 2015
Lab 7C (PM Session)
——————————
1210 – 1230: Group 26
How aggressive behavior of Giant Mudskippers vary with changing tides.
Presented by: Ahamed Ibrahim B Merican, Jovene Khoo Wei Xiang, Muhammad Sultan Karimshah Bin Mohaideen, Tan Yu Pyn, Yeoh Mandi
Abstract – Giant Mudskippers (Periophthalmodon schlosseri), found in Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve (SBWR), are carnivorous amphibious fishes known for their territorial instincts. In our project, we aim to find the relationship between tide changes and the agonistic behaviors of the Giant Mudskippers. All occurence and scan sampling were adopted to account for the frequency of agonistic behavior being displayed prior and during the transition of tide changes. Our results suggest that the frequencies of conflict, and extensiveness of agressive and territorial behaviors, increase during the transition between tides. Possible reasons for the increase in agonistic behaviors such as changing environmental conditions will also be discussed..
1230 – 1250: Group 27
What is the most preferred foraging terrain of the White-breasted Waterhen?
Presented by: Goh Jiaquan, Cheu Wee Loon, Ow Kok Yang, Daryl, Zhu Linghan, Loh Kai Liin Janeen
Abstract – White-breasted Water Hen (Amaurornis pheonicurus) are waterbirds of the rail and crake family Rallidae. In this project, We investigated the most preferred foraging terrain of the Water hens at Singapore Botanical Gardens (SBC). Focal sampling of the water hens was conducted at the SBC Eco Lake from 0730hrs to 1030hrs on two days (12 Feb and 27 Feb). We recorded the number of steps and pecks at 15 second intervals for 5 minutes. When the beak touches the land is considered a peck, and when lifts one foot and set down the foot forward on the surface again is considered a step. The results indicate that the waterhen forages more efficiently on marshes and that it also spends most of its time in the marshes compared to land and water terrains. Possible explanations and other interesting behaviours will also be discussed.
1250 – 1310: Group 28
Does grooming duration in long-tailed macaques differ between male-to-female and female-to-male grooming?
Presented by: Tan Qi Guang, Jonathan Lim Siu Chi, Tin Wei Yang, Celine Chian Tian Lin, Yan Xiao Dong
Abstract – The long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is a common primate species in Singapore, and most dwell in our nature reserves. Grooming behaviour is exhibited by the macaque, and it serves different social functions for each macaque sub-group. Males may groom females in return for sexual favours, while females may do so for greater association with higher-ranking males. In our project, we want to determine if males have a higher motivation to groom females as compared to the other way around. A modified continuous sampling method was used to specifically observe the grooming behaviour in a macaque troop at the MacRitchie Reservoir for a total of 5 sessions from 4pm to 7pm. We found that, on average, female-to-male grooming is 21% longer than male-to-female grooming. We concluded that this is possibly due to the higher proportion of females than males, leading to competition between females for higher-ranking mates.
1310 – 1330: Group 29
Does feeding behavior in Javan Mynas differ between green spaces and urbanised habitats?
Presented by: Hoàng Mạnh Dũng (Andrew), Janice Foo Mei Yee, Tiong Jia En, Ruth Ong Yi Jing, Phan Yi-wen
Abstract – The Javan Myna (Acridotheres javanicus) is Singapore’s most dominant bird species and this is accredited to its adaptive and diligent feeding patterns. This project seeks to examine if the feeding behaviour in Javan Mynas differ between green spaces and urbanised habitats, with East Coast Park (ECP) and Deck Canteen (NUS) as selected sites respectively. Ad libitum, all occurrence and scan sampling were adopted to analyse feeding behaviours for 60 minute periods between 1400 to 1600hrs on weekdays. Focus was placed on hunting, eating, moving, observatory and aggressive behaviours – in which no differences were noted in the last two. Feeding productivity and attempt rate were also analyzed and results revealed that Javan Mynas in ECP were more productive and had higher attempt rates. Further analyses conclude that Javan Mynas in green spaces are more collaborative due to the sparse food supply as compared to urbanised habitats where food is abundant.
1330 – 1350: Group 30
Do different environmental factors affect the Javan Mynas’ foraging behaviour?
Presented by: Tang Guang Yu, Joey Guo Jin, Shannon Teo Wei Liang, Bryan Ho Jun Wei, Chee Zhi Kin
Abstract – Javan Mynas (Acridotheres javanicus), one of the most common birds in Singapore, forage either in groups or as individuals in both sub-urban and urban areas. In our study, we investigated whether environmental factors affected the Javan Mynas’ foraging behaviour at 2 different fields near Yio Chu Kang MRT station. We administered scan sampling at 10 minute intervals from 0700 to 0900 for 7 days (between 1st to 19th March). Our group identified the total number of Mynas foraging and the frequency of group foraging in each field. Results showed that there was a marginally significant difference between the total number of Mynas foraging in the two fields, with more Mynas foraging in the quieter field than the nosier one. However, frequency of group foraging between the two fields was not significant. Conspecific competition might have resulted in higher frequency of group foraging in the quieter field than hypothesised.
——————————
Symposium II
6 April 2015
Lab 7A (AM Session)
——————————
1010 – 1030: Group 11
What are the Foraging Behaviours of Smooth-coated Otters (Lutrogale perspicillata)?
Presented by: Chew Guan Yu, Javis Choy, Louis Koh, Serene Chan, Song Junhe
Abstract – Smooth-coated otters (Lutrogale perspicillata) can be found in various parts of Singapore in close proximity to water bodies. We are interested in the foraging behaviors of the smooth-coated otter. Based on existing literature on foraging patterns, we understand that smooth-coated otters exhibit pack-hunting behavior. In our study, we hypothesise that smooth-coated otters hunt better in larger packs and it increases the success rate of catching prey. Furthermore, we also hypothesise that longer dive times will similarly increase the chances of catching prey. We conducted primary research at Marina Reservoir where we engaged in all-occurrence sampling method to observe a group of 6 smooth-coated otters during their foraging activity. Our results supported our hypothesis that hunting efficiency is higher when they hunt in larger group sizes (≥ 3 otters). However, our data did not support our hypothesis that longer dive times would lead to more successful hunting attempts.
1030 – 1050: Group 12
Common Kingfisher’s Head-bobbing and Perch-switching
Presented by: Bui Thi Tu Vy, Irwin Lim Kai, Pham Quang Duc, Tran Quoc Dat, Vivian Loh Wanying
Abstract – The common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) is a sparrow-sized turquoise-green bird which hunts individually, mainly on fish from water-bodies. For our project, we want to find out the correlation of “head-bobbing” and “perch-switching” actions and the kingfisher’s rate of success of hunting , hypothesizing that a higher frequency translates to a greater success. Using all occurrence sampling, we conducted 3 sessions (30-minute, 50-minute and 1.5 hours) at different spots in Chinese Garden and Japanese Garden. The obtained data showed a positive correlation between head-bobbing and perch-switching and a successful hunt. Since the common kingfisher is a sit-and-wait predator, our results prove our hypothesis, although external factors such as geographical features will be discussed further.
1050 – 1110: Group 13
What are the reasons behind the rolling behaviour of yellow-spotted mudskippers?
Presented by: Shanny Rosyawan, Steven Gunawan, Tang Shi Rui, Mao Lan Ruo, Lee Kim
Abstract – Yellow-spotted mudskippers (Periophthalmus walailakae) are amphibious fishes that are commonly found in estuarine mangrove swamps in Singapore. In this project, we investigated the possible reasons for mudskippers’ rolling behaviour in puddles. The method we used for our study is occurrence sampling. Occurrence sampling was conducted at SBWR mud experience to observe the rolling behaviour for two one-hour intervals between 8.00am to 9.00am and 11.30am to 12.30pm, over three days (26-28 February 2015). A turn to one side from an upright position and back to its original position constitutes as one roll. Ceteris paribus, the rolling frequency of mudskippers increases with increasing temperature: 9.3/hour in early morning versus 19.0/hour in late morning. We have identified respiratory function and aerial vision as the main driving forces for mudskippers’ rolling behavior on moist ground. Other stimuli such as humidity level, presence of other mudskippers or predators will also be discussed further.
1110 – 1130: Group 14
Sand Foraging Crabs – How does the moisture level of sand affect the foraging frequency of sand bubbler crabs?
Presented by: Justin Law Jieting, Li Meixin, Teo Hui Wen, Tay Shuan Siang, Victor Tan Hee Boon
Abstract – “Sand Bubbler Crabs (Scopimera globosa) are tiny beach dwellers found along the coast of Singapore. We observed a variation in the number of burrows that were surrounded by pellets along the shoreline. This steered us into investigating the effect of the moisture level of sand on the foraging frequency of these crabs, which governs burrow distribution. Scan sampling was conducted at Pasir Ris Park at intervals of 5 minutes over three days at different timings (8am to 10am and 5pm to 7pm) of the day. Samples of sand were taken from 3 sections of the beach with varying moisture levels. Moisture level was found to be proportional to the weight of sand collected.The results indicated that sand bubbler crabs exhibited more foraging behaviour in sand with intermediate moisture levels. This goes to show that these crabs are sensitive to their surroundings, and moisture levels can affect their foraging behaviours.
1130 – 1150: Group 15
Activity pattern of the blue-spotted mudskipper, Boleophthalmus boddarti, at low-tide during daytime.
Presented by: Tan Yen Kheng, Caris Lau, Yeow Bok Guan, Taishi Inoue, Teo Xin Yi
Abstract – The blue-spotted mudskipper (Boleophthalmus boddarti), is a fish but can live on both land in water. In this project, we investigated the activity pattern of the blue-spotted mudskipper during low tide from 10am to 12pm at Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. The group was divided into 2 sub-groups to conduct focal sampling, each group focused on one mudskipper. The behaviors were observed for 10 minutes every 30 minutes from 10am to 12pm for two days (24th and 25th February) and the duration for each behavior was recorded. 16 observations were made before deriving the average time spent on each behavior per 10-minute interval. The findings illustrated that approximately 73.5% of the time was spent on skimming the mud surface by moving its head from side to side, and hence was the major activity exhibited. This may be a result of the blue-spotted mudskipper feeding during low-tide to avoid predation during high-tide.
——————————
Symposium II
6 April 2015
Lab 7C (AM Session)
——————————
1010 – 1030: Group 16
Types and Efficiency of Foraging Behaviour in Little Egrets of Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve
Presented by: Camillus Cai, Jerome Cheng Zhi Kai, Lim Keng Kiat, Maureen Yong Mu Ling, Yong Rong Michael
Abstract – The Little Egret (Egretta garzetta garzetta) is a medium-sized bird found in Singapore. We aimed to determine the various types of foraging behaviour exhibited by Little Egrets in Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, and compare their efficiency. We filmed the Egrets, then analyzed the video for all occurrences of foraging. We categorised each behaviour and counted their respective frequencies and success rates. We found that the three main types of behaviours exhibited by Little Egrets while foraging were stalking, crouching, and standing, corroborating existing work on other wading birds. Stalking resulted in the highest success rate out of the three methods.
1030 – 1050: Group 17
Little Egrets (Egretta garzetta L.): Foraging Patterns in Different Habitats
Presented by: Ho Yi Xin, Delon Wong Her Laang, Yap Jun Hao, Victor Hazali, Jaime Yeo
Abstract – The little egret (Egretta garzetta L.), identified by its black legs and beak, is a common sight in Singapore. In this project, we observed and compared the foraging behaviors of little egrets in natural habitats (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve) and urban areas (Pelton Canal). Over the course of two weeks, we filmed individuals at both venues for 7 minutes each. Using focal sampling, we constructed an ethogram. Foraging patterns include staring into water, vibrating legs to stir water, heavy and light pecking and swallowing. Every ‘swallow’ of prey was counted as a successful strike. The results show that little egrets in natural habitats have a higher number of completed action patterns, a lower staring : pecking ratio and a smaller percentage of time spent looking for food. However, we observed similar success rates in both habitats.
1050 – 1110: Group 18
It takes a lot of blue to stay clean: a duck grooming project
Presented by: Ng Minghao, Ng Hongwen, Sylvia Foo Li Wei, Chang Mui Tzan
Abstract – Lesser whistling ducks (Dendrocygna javanica) are small brown ducks located in various lakes in Singapore. We investigated the effects of water availability on the frequency of grooming behavior exhibited in these ducks at the Singapore botanical gardens. All occurrence sampling was conducted at the Eco Lake in the gardens every 15 minutes from 0730 to 0930 hours and 1730 to 1930 hours over the course of six sessions. A singular behavior of preening (self and mutual) , ruffling, scratching and bathing is counted as one successful groom. These grooming activities were observed and compared between the ducks traversing on different terrain with varying amount of water namely muddy ground (no water), shallow water (moderate amount of water) and deep water (high amount of water).The results indicated that the availability of water increases the frequency of grooming behavior as water facilitates social bonding and also maximize the efficiency of their activities.
1110 – 1130: Group 19
Vigilant behaviour of the Acridotheres javanicus while foraging
Presented by: Heng Wei Zhi Jonathan, Yip Yik Yeong, Leon, Yap Yun Hui, Tang Keng Yan Daniel, Teo Jia Yang
Abstract – Javan mynas (Acridotheres javanicus) are members of the Sturnidae (Starling) family, commonly found in Singapore. Our project aims to find out how often javan mynas exhibit vigilant behaviour while foraging in pairs. Based on casual observations during initial field visits, our group came up with the following initial hypothesis – At any one time during foraging, there will be at least one myna within the pair exhibiting vigilant behaviour at every moment. Video recordings of 1-5 minutes were taken at various parks in Singapore between 0900-1200h over five days. We operationalized vigilant behaviour into “looking around”, and used ad libitum sampling to analyse the frequency of vigilant behaviour with a given pair of mynas. The results suggest that mynas consistently exhibit vigilant behaviour at an average of 6.8 second time-intervals which disproves our initial hypothesis.
——————————
Symposium II
6 April 2015
Lab 7A (PM Session)
——————————
1210 – 1230: Group 31
Most common feeding behavior of Little Egrets in Sungei Buloh
Presented by: Cheong Ying Hui, Kan Hong Ting Rachel, Lee Yann Rong, Victoria Yee Huiqi, Yang Yichao
Abstract – Little Egrets (Egretta garzetta) are waterbirds commonly found in Singapore’s wetlands. This project seeks to explore the most common foraging behaviour amongst Little Egrets at Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve (SBWR). Scan sampling of 4 to 7 egrets along the Coastal Trail was conducted and video-recorded every 6 minutes from 8am to 11am during low tide. The recordings were split into 1-minute intervals and categorised according to a literature-supported ethogram of Little Egrets’ foraging behaviors. Results supported our hypothesis that ‘Stand and Wait’ is the most frequently observed behaviour (28.16%). This is possibly due to the abundance of prey at the study site, which is a natural mudflat. Preys become more visible with the absence of vegetation and are more likely to move slower at low tide. Thus, the egrets can simply ‘Stand and Wait’ to maximize prey catching effectiveness while conserving energy.
1230 – 1250: Group 32
Territorial Aggression of Javan Myna
Presented by: Cheng Liang Kai, Darren-Gavin Ho Wei Liang, Denise Ng Min, Lim Hui Yan, Lua Boon Kiat
Abstract – Javan Mynas (Acridotheres javanicus), one of the most successful invasive avian species, are commonly found across Singapore. In this symposium, we examine the conspecific territorial behaviours exhibited, investigating whether aggressiveness is the sole behaviour in claiming territories. Scan sampling method was adopted, collecting data over 5 days, between 0800 to 1100 hours across 3 locations, with observation sessions of 2 minutes each. The findings suggest that both aggressive and non-aggressive behaviours were evident, with aggressive behaviour occurring on a higher frequency, but shorter duration. Possible reasons for such aggression can be attributed to their natural competitive instincts, whereas non-aggression comparatively requires lower energy. While Javan Mynas are largely aggressive to its competitors, results have shown that it is not the sole behaviour in claiming territories; instead, this can be done through aggression, non-aggression, or a combination of both.
1250 – 1310: Group 33
What is the difference between the foraging behaviour of the White Breasted Water-hen when in group vs in solitude?
Presented by: Chua Wu Shuang, Graceclia Ching Wen Ting, Li Yuen Han Candice, Lum Miao Ling, Sng Wei Yan Victoria
Abstract – White breasted waterhen (Amaurornis Phoenicurus) are waterbirds that live in low bushes in Asia. In this project, we investigated the differences in their foraging behaviour when they are in solitude and when within a group, where the group settings include ‘adult-adult’ and ‘adult-child’ combinations. Ad-libitum and focal sampling methods were adopted and observations were done at Kent Ridge Park from 1600-1900 over two days. The waterhen is observed to hunt most actively in the ‘adult-adult’ group setting while the level of vigilance is highest in an ‘adult-child’ group setting. It is concluded that there are distinct differences in behaviours amongst different situational settings.
1310 – 1330: Group 34
Do Little Egrets behave differently when foraging between high tide and low tide?
Presented by: Ang Hui Loon, Law Tao Rui Jerrold, Koh Zheng Kang, Ng Heng Wei, Dennis, Siow Wei Qi
Abstract – Little Egrets (Egretta garzetta) are the smallest and commonly found white heron in Singapore. In this project, we investigate their foraging behaviour under different tidal levels at Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve. A focal sampling of the little egrets was conducted at the mudflats for five days in March, 2015. A success strike is recorded when a ‘swallowing’ action is observed. Results shows significant success rates during low tidal level as compared to high tidal levels. This may be due to visual perception of preys under water surface level. Other behaviours such as flocks foraging and foraging techniques are discussed.
1130 – 1350: Group 35
Interaction Among Foraging Weaver Ants
Presented by: Wong Jing Yi Adeline, Huang Taizong Darius, Jay Chan Qi Yang, Stefani Leticia
Abstract – Oecophylla smaragdina, commonly known as weaver ants, is a common species of ants found in South East Asia. In this project, we investigated whether there are any fixed actions and subsequently procedures weaver ants observed when they witness another ant carrying food. Focal sampling was conducted in three different locations for a total of four days from 12pm to 1pm; whenever an ant was observed carrying food, we would note down the types of interactions and count the number of interactions that occurred. We discover that weaver ants do exhibit fixed actions when they witness another ant carrying food but we are unable to list all the actions into a specific procedure. We suspect that is the result of variables such as the distance the ants are from their nests, the pheromones which we cannot detect as well as the size of the food.
——————————
Symposium II
6 April 2015
Lab 7C (PM Session)
——————————
1210 – 1230: Group 36
Red Jungle Fowl’s Preferred Foraging Patch
Presented by: Cher Jing En, Louise Chia, Ansabel Lim, Corliss Ler, Bryan Tan
Abstract – The Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus) is the wild ancestor of the domestic chicken. In this project we investigated the preferred foraging patch, leaf litter or grass patch, of the Red Jungle Fowl at Botanic Gardens. Focal sampling of the Red Jungle Fowl was conducted at the Evolution Walk and the Bougainvilleas area, in the morning (0700-0900) and evening (1700-1900), over a period of 4 days. We recorded the number of steps and pecks it took in 1 minute intervals. The results clearly indicated that the leaf litter patch is the preferred foraging patch. The advantages of foraging at the leaf litter patch and various associated behaviours, such as dust bathing and the characteristic scratching behaviour, will be discussed.
1230 – 1250: Group 37
Spatial and temporal foraging behaviour of white-breasted waterhen in Kent Ridge Park
Presented by: K. Ashwini, Koh Fee Siang Henry, Lay Hout, Nay Vongvichra, Pearllyn Kang Yen Lin
Abstract – White-breasted waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus) are dark grey birds from the rail species with conspicuous white underparts that feed near water bodies in Singapore. In this project, we investigated the spatial and temporal foraging behaviour of the birds at Kent Ridge Park (KRP). Focal sampling of the waterhen was conducted at a pond in KRP for 10 minutes every hour from 0900 hrs to 1300 hrs and from 1400 hrs to 1800 hrs. The results indicate that they spent more time foraging in the afternoon to evening period – 54.25 pecks per hour was observed compared to the 17.5 pecks per hour in the morning period. In addition, the number of pecks observed in the water was significantly less than the pecks on land (about 90% lesser). Other associated foraging behaviour such as aggressive protection of foraging territory and preference for solitary foraging will also be discussed.
1250 – 1310: Group 38
The Effect of The Giant Mudskipper’s Burrowing Behavior on its Rest Duration
Presented by: Vinod S\O Prem Kumar, Zeng Qiyuan, Poh De Sheng, Urvashi Sikka, Waung Zhen Lin Justin
Abstract – The Giant Mudskipper (Periophthalmodon schlosseri) is a species native to the Southeast Asian shorelines. For this project, we investigated the impact of its burrowing behavior on its resting time. All occurrence sampling of this behavior was conducted at the Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve. Each ‘mud spit’ indicates an instance of digging and the time taken by the mudskipper to rest afterwards is recorded as the rest duration. Results mostly indicate that the average number of digs is directly proportional to the average resting duration. Assuming other contributing factors are negligible, this may be due to their limited stamina on land.
1310 – 1330: Group 39
Foraging Behaviour of Khatib Rock Pigeons
Presented by: Chen Wenqi, Lee Kai Xin Augustine, Ng Jian Pin Gideon, Nur Hidayah Bibi Bte Haji M O, Siti Syzalina Binte Mohd Salleh
Abstract – Rock Pigeons (Columba livia) are plump blue-grey birds of the Columbidae family that feed on seeds, grains and food remains at public spaces. In this project, we investigated differences in pigeons’ foraging behaviour during the day and evening at an open field near Khatib MRT station. From an ad libitum sampling, we derived our ethogram which we then used for scan sampling. Scan sampling of 30-second intervals was employed to observe pigeons’ foraging behaviour from 0730-0830 hours and 1600-1800 hours over 3 weeks (8 February to 1 March 2015). We counted the frequency of foraging behaviours and found that rock pigeons forage more in the evening (55.3%) as compared to the day (44.7%). We inferred that this could be due to a general increase in rock pigeons’ activity during night time. Courtship behaviour, interaction with mynahs and competition for food will be discussed as well.
1330 – 1350: Group 40
Does shade affect the perching wing movement of the Common Parasol?
Presented by: Benedict Suraj Suratanakavikul, Jeremy Ong Mu Sen, Nicholas Low Jun Han, Sue Zheng Hao and Nelson Goh Wei Qiang
Abstract – The Common Parasol (Neurothermis fluctuans) is a small-sized dragonfly which can be commonly found in wetlands and marshes around Singapore. For our project, we investigated the effect of shade on the number of downward wing movements of the Common Parasol upon perching. Our group went down to MacRitchie reservoir a total of 3 times between 9th – 20th February. During each visit, we conducted All-Occurrences Sampling on 5 individual dragonflies at the shaded and the unshaded sites respectively for durations of 45 minutes at each location. The average number of downward wing movements is 2 movements less in the unshaded area as compared to the shaded area. From the data collected, we can conclude that shade is one of the factors that determine the number of downward wing moments.
———————— End ————————